Computer networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Computer profitss - Essay ExampleMoreover, cisco devices deliver integration features that will support compatibility and scalability issues with upcoming employments and services. For addressing, net security, again lake herring firewalls are implemented to protect the network from viruses, worms and probes. In summary, Cisco 3845 integrated service router is implemented for exchanging communication from the local area network interface to the WAN interface. The router provides productivity, integration and enhanced features along with Cisco 3845 (ISR) Site-to-Site VPN Support, Cisco 3845 (ISR) Remote Access VPN Support, Cisco 3845 (ISR) Network Admission Control support, Cisco 3845 (ISR) digital Voice Call support , Cisco Unified Communication Support and Unified Survivable Remote Site Telephony (SRST) support. Moreover, data switches are also acquired from Cisco named as Cisco Catalyst 3750 that provides enhanced features. Moreover, for wireless networks, Cisco Unified Wireles s network featuring Cisco Wireless Control System along with Cisco 4400 Series Wireless LAN Controllers are deployed. Furthermore, the wireless network also supports Cisco Clear air Technology. For remote connectivity and scalability, Cisco service mobility engines are installed. For application support, SOAP and XML Support and Context aware Services are available. In addition, for addressing network security, Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliances (For Wired Network), AIP-SSM Intrusion stripe Module and Wireless Intrusion Prevention System (W IPS) (For Wireless Networks) is operational. Fig 1.1 demonstrates the local area network of an organization below Figure 1.1 (LOCAL AREA NETWORK) social system of rules and Cabling The current network is constructed on Star topology that is the most widely adopted topology, as it has many benefits when compared to other topologies. By implementing star topology, network engineers undersurface administer and troubleshoot the ne twork more efficiently and effectively. Star topology provides a one stop monitoring screen that demonstrates activities on the local area network. Likewise, the greet of implementing and managing the local area network is comparatively low, as less resources and low network downtime occurs. Moreover, network security is addressed efficiently, as monitoring of each system or service is carried out

Discuss the benefits , limitations and methodology of population Essay - 1

Discuss the benefits , limitations and methodology of population test for breast crabby person - show ExampleThe subject of whether breast cancer screening is more harmful than helpful has fuelled controversy and debate from various quotas for almost, as long as, the technology to do it has been in existence. The dominant question is often whether the benefits of the procedure outweigh the perceived negative effects that may result from the process. These harms include over diagnosis, where women are tough for cancer while it might not have been clinically manifested in their lifetimes conversely, several benefits have been attributed to the screening prominently among them, prevention of death.The rationale used to explain screening is usually because it has been successful in detecting breast cancer in the screened population, especially in view of the increased rates of cancer in the last few years. Experts on the subject project that because of the mass tests, the risk will go down and the cancer rates eventually reduced collectible to early detection and that should be the confirmation of the importance of screening (Cancer Research UK, 2012). The primary focus of this paper will be an examination of the process and principles of screening for breast cancer in populations through histopathology, and then discuss the benefits and harms that are likely to result.Professionals in the health community share the belief that early cancer diagnosis translates into a better chance for mitigation, nonetheless, not everyone who has signs of cancer will benefit from the diagnosis since the cancer my regress without treatment. Thus, to ensure the potential benefits outweigh the harm, in that respect must exist sufficient evidence from randomized tests or trials to indicate that a specific population will benefit from cancer screening, therefore reliable principles must be followed before public screening is allowed. There must be significant burden of the dise ase in the

Oman Telecommunication Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Oman Telecommunication Company - Case Study ExampleThere is a 49%cap on foreign ownership in Omantel.However no single party can hold more that 5% of the companys shares currently.The telecom landscape is primarily dominated by the state owned incumbent floozy Oman Telecommunication Company (Omantel) It is the sole licensed operator of public fixed lines, telecommunication services including local, long distance and international telephony besides information communication and value added services, dominates the telecom landscape in Oman. It has launched its digital cellular network in 1996 and was the only unstable service provider in Oman until 2005, when saucy entrant Nawras telecom forayed into the market.Nawras won the tender for a second cellular license in June 2004 and received it in Feb 2005.Omantels cellular subsidiary, Oman Mobile was given a the formal cellular license in Feb 2004.Both the players operate in the cellular market under a three year period of exclusivity that will return next year. For the year ending Jan 2006,there were an estimated 1,78,000 meshing users in the sultanate, out of which a vast majority accounted for Omantels subscriptions.Howver since its launch in March 2006,second mobile license toter Nawras has claimed 20% of the market share and has added over 3,00,000 new endorsersIn the current scenario, there is no schedule for awarding the third generation (3G) universal mobile telecommunication system (WMTS... The Telecommunication Regulatory Authority(TRA)expects to license a second national public fixed line network operator as sanitary as a second national public data operator in the near future but has not yet set a schedule for the endowment of the license.Market Potential.Statistics from the Telecommunication Regulatory Authority reveal the followingMobile phone subscriptions 1.5 millionFixed phone lines 2, 69,000.Out of this Omantels subscriber base amounted to 1.242 million (all services) in June 2005.For mobi le services its market share was a staggering 91.7% for the same period.There has been a significant rise in the number of internet users, yet the penetration rates in Oman are low compared to other regions in GCC. Most of the internet users are concentrated in and around the capital region of Muscat. Despite persistent attempts, little progress has been made in other parts of the country, particularly in regard to the plan of attack of high-speed ADSL services. Therefore, it maybe inferred that there is a lot of untapped market potential in Oman. The Arab Advisors group forecasts that by the end of 2009 increased penetration figures, great account usage and multiplier ratios might account for as many as 5,08,000 internet users in the sultanate. The installation and access charges are plunging, therefore the internet and data services market is promising.In recent times, Nawras has introduced wireless EDGE broadband services. High-end business users constitute a major chunk of the clientele, but it is a small segment of the market and nearing saturation. In this context, the under twenty-five market segment is likely to drive growth. In markets like Europe and East Asia

Accounting In China Essay Example for Free

report In mainland China Essay1. Introduction Chinas rapid economic growth in the past two decades has amazed the rest of the world. With Chinas portalion to the WTO, task activities with and within China go forth further expand. China fully understands that a sound pecuniary account system plays a key role in the operate of economic development. The Chinese Ministry of Finance (MoF), who has the righteousness for regulating score matters in China, has set itself the objectives of fostering investors confidence in pecuniary information, increase transp atomic number 18ncy of financial reporting, and harmonize with International Financial account Standards (IFRS), so as to reduce the salutes of raising capital by enterprises and alleviate the risk of financial crisis. 2. History Of Development The old invoice and regulations were intentional to play off the take of a planned economy, and therefore focused on whether the production goals of state-owned enterpris es and their financial and costs plans were being met. Accordingly, the objectives of accounting and performance measurement few twenty years ago were strongly different from the financial reporting objectives in a modern market oriented economy. Significant accounting reforms were undertaken in the past two decades ascribable to several factors such as Since China opened its door to foreign investments in 1979, the rapid growth of its economy, foreign plenty and securities markets has shaped unseasoned objectives for financial reporting. State-owned enterprises now look a lot like profit-oriented businesses, and managers and other users need reliable and relevant financial information on which to base decisions about the efficient allocation of capital. At the like time, china has reached out to the international community to form joint ventures and gain greater access to the latest technologies and the worlds capital markets.See more Homelessness as a social problem Es say In the 1980s, the MoF issued the first set of accounting regulation, which was formulated by reference to international accounting traffic pattern, for joint ventures in China. In 1992, due to rapid development of the Chinese securities market, the accounting System for data- ground Joint post Limited Enterprises was promulgated by the MoF in order to exemplarised accounting practice and divine revelations by listed companies. This System was subsequently replaced by the Accounting System for Joint Stock Limited Enterprises (JSLE) in 1998. The 1992 regulation moved away from the traditional fund-based Soviet accounting model and incorporated many rough-cut Western accounting practices. In the same year, the MoF promulgated the Accounting Regulations for Foreign Investment Enterprises (FIE), the Accounting Regulations for Share Enterprises. In 1993 the Basic Accounting Standard for business organisation Enterprises came into force. It imposes near basic rules (e.g. that double entry bookkeeping must be used, that a cash or funds statement must be complicate in the financial statements, and that consolidated financial statements must be provided where appropriate) set out a cin one caseptual framework of China accounting and slang some detailed rules of financial reporting. The conceptual framework introduced on a broader scope rude(a) accounting concepts and essential elements of financial statements that were in many respects based on international practices. The conceptual framework aspects of the regulation are reasonably close to US and IASC precedents. However, these pronouncements were still found to view essential differences with international practice such as limited disclosure of financial information for the users to understand the results and financial position of the reporting enterprise. Another difference is that the regulation does not specifically identify the primary user or purpose of financial statements. Instead, a hiera rchy of users includes the government, banks, the public and an enterprises own solicitude. This is very different from the US or IASB which emphasis on financial decision making by outside investors. In addition, the ASBE is based on historical cost without the revaluation dispense withed in IASB or UK rules or the increasing use of fair value in IASB/US/UK rules. Furthermore, substance over form is not established as a principle in China.3. The New Accounting Standards And Accounting System (Development after 1993). In 1993, with funding from the World Bank (US$2.6 million), the MoF engaged Deloitte Touchee Tohmatsu (DTT) as consultants to develop a body of Chinese Accounting Standards (CAS) broadly in line with accounting and financial reporting practices used internationally. Exposure Drafts on about 30 standards have since been published between 1994 and 1996, and they were generally closely in line with the standards of the IASC. In 1997, the first standard was issued. It is on disclosure of relationships and transactions with related parties. In the same year, China joined the IASC, and became an official observer at Board meetings. In October 1998, an Accounting Standards Committee (CASC) was founded within Chinas MoF. It comprises academics and members of accounting firms as hale as government experts. In 1998, the Ministry of Finance issued the Accounting System for Joint Stock Limited Enterprises (JSLE) to replace the accounting System for Experimental joint Stock Limited Enterprises in order to standardise accounting practice and disclosures by listed companies. In 2000, DTT was reappointed as consultants for the second phase of the project. China accounting has achieved remarkable happen in unifying its accounting practices since Year 2001. In the same year, MoF issued a unused comprehensive Accounting System for Business Enterprise (the System). The revolutionary System replaced the Accounting System for JSLE form January 1, 2002 . In other words, all JSLE (including all listed enterprise) and FIE are now required to follow one unified untried System. The system introduces the concept of substance over form and extends the requirement for consideration to all assets. The MoF plans to ultimately require all medium-size and large enterprises (other than financial enterprises) to adopt the new System, and inform its expectation that state-owned enterprise will adopt the new system over time. When fully implemented, the new System will replace the numerous at odds(predicate) industry accounting regulations, enabling the financial statements of different types of enterprises to become more comparable.4. Impact Of The New Systems On FIE Before adopting the new System, FIEs financial statements which were inclined(p) in accord with the Accounting Regulation for FIE could not properly reflect the enterprises actual financial position and operating results, the enterprise had to make numerous adjustments when they compile financial statements under overseas accounting standards, such as IAS and US GAAP. The process was time consuming and imposed additional cost of investment to the foreign investors. After the adoption of the new System, the differences between FIEs financial statements under chinaware GAAP and those prepared in accordance with international accounting practices will reduce further, thereby enabling the foreign investors to assess the performance of their investments more efficiently.5. China Accounting Standards Convergence With IFRS The importance and acceptance of IFRS has increase significantly over the past few years. While actively pursuing convergence with IFRS, the MoF necessarily has to ensure that accounting standards appropriately address the national component that exist during this transitional period in the economy. A very significant portion of the economy is dominated by state owned enterprises. Even after enterprises are restructured into joint sto ck enterprise and branched out from the government structure, functional or regional government that remain stakeholders still exert significant influences over the enterprises and their trading partners and their transactions. Free markets are not capablely developed in many areas. Financial statements are multi-functional, serving not only the needs of the investors but also other interested parties including the State for supervisory and management purposes. Enterprises and professional intermediaries such as auditors and valuers are at a developing stage. During this transitional period, accounting standards must be realistically implementable by the preparers and auditors of financial statements. On 16 February 2006, the Chinese Ministry of Finance and the International Accounting Standards Board formally announced that Chinese Accounting Standards (CAS) will converge with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on 1 January 2007. Converging CAS with IFRS is one of many successful initiatives undertaken by the PRC government over the past global economy. Investors, analysts, regulators and other interested parties in recent years have been increasingly demanding more consistent and reliable financial reporting from companies around the world. The adoption and consistent application of accounting standards based on IFRS principles is widely viewed as a commitment to transparent financial reporting by these constituents. Transparent financial reporting is considered as the foundation of investor confidence. The process of convergence has been started way back in November 2005 when several meetings had been held between MoF and board members of IASB. The process of convergence will involve integrating the IFRS principles into CAS and will result in the amendment of all existing standards and the issuance of an additional 22 Specific standards. While the revise CAS will not reflect a literal translation of IFRS, their scope will include all IFRS principles. In additional, they will contain interpretive counsel to address the accounting for specific types of transaction (e.g. combinations of companies under common control) and industry accounting issues (e.g. extraction of petroleum and natural gas). The new CAS will comprise 1 basic standard and 38 specific standards. The revised CAS will first be applied to listed companies from 1 January 2007 and gradually applied to other types of entities. There will be differences between the revised CAS and IFRS to reflect unique circumstances in China. These differences, among other things, relate toa. A prohibition of the reversal of asset impairment once it has been made b. The accounting for certain government grants c. Related party disclosures between State owned enterprises that have no direct investment relationship.6. Challenges faced by China in converging with IFRS. The effect of changing accounting policies involves some efforts such as Re-designing the financi al reporting process to ensure that management has sufficient reliable financial information with which to prepare financial statements that comply with the standards, particularly in regards to the increased levels of disclosure required, and properly supports critical accounting estimates and judgements. The people abstruse in the financial reporting process will need to develop a new expertise and competency in applying revised CAS. Developing new accounting policy manual integrating new CAS internal management reporting (budgeting, forecasting, performance measurement) and external reporting (financial, statutory, investor) into daily operations across the organization. Implementing current and sustainable processes such as valuations of share options and derivatives, impairment testing hedge documentation and effectiveness testing, etc. Require identification of new data requirements due to financial statements and disclosure requirements. Train the head office and busine ss units of the new reporting requirements. Provide training to finance and also non-finance staff including key management (e.g. finance, treasury, tax, human resource and sales) on new CAS principles and new reporting requirements.THE NEW SYSTEM OF CHINESE ACCOUNTING STANDARDSKey features and impact of the new accounting standards1. The new accounting standards represent convergence with International financial Reporting Standards. Most of the newly issued standards and revised standards make reference to the equivalent IFRS and adopt the principles and treatments similar to its counterpart. As a result, the financial statements prepared in accordance with the New Accounting Standards will be more comparable with those prepared in accordance with IFRS. abroad investors and users of financial statements will understand the financial statements of Chinese enterprise better and the cost of re-preparing financial statements for Chinese enterprises when getting overseas listing wi ll be reduced. 2. The requirement of fair value measurement Under the new accounting standards, debt restructuring and no-monetary transactions will be measured at fair value and gains that meet certain criteria will be recognized in the income statement. Whereas before the revision, those transactions were carried at book value and any gains arising from those transactions were not allowed to be recognized. In practice, the ratiocination of fair values may not be easy for many entities and dissimilar valuation techniques are required. 3. Specify accounting treatments for important accounting issues such as business combinations and consolidated financial statement. In the past, there was neither formal accounting standards nor comprehensive and detailed guidelines in the area of business combinations and consolidated financial statements. As a result, accounting treatments for similar business combination transactions may have varied across different enterprises create much c onfusion and inconsistency. Therefore, the issuance of the standards on Business Combination and Consolidated Financial statement will provide comprehensive and more authoritative feed and guidelines on these important accounting issues. 4. Specify treatments on new accounting issues and certain previously off-balance- sheet of paper items will be recorded in the balance sheet Derivative financial instruments will be recognized on the balance sheet instead of only being disclosed in the notes to the financial statements. on the whole shares and share options granted to employees to be measured at fair value and expensed in the income statement. 5. Standards relevant to important specialized industries The New Accounting Standards will include a number of standards that are relevant to those specialized industries. For example, the four standards on Financial Instruments will have an impact on accounting practices in various financial institutions. The standards on Direct Insu rance Contract and Re-insurance Contracts will affect players in the insurance sectors. The Extraction of Petroleum and Natural Gas and Biological Assets are standards that are issued specifically for enterprises operating in the petroleum and gas industry and agriculture industry respectively.6. Impairment of Assets The previous accounting regulations in China allow the reversal of impairment under certain circumstances. However, under the new standard, it specifies that any recognized impairment loss for fixed assets and intangible assets cannot be reversed in future accounting periods. The restriction on impairment loss reversal does not apply to inventories, trade receivables and bank loans.7. More detailed requirements on disclosure The new standards provide users of financial statements with more relevant and transparent information, which will facilitate their economic decision-making. For instances, in respect of accounting policies and accounting estimates, the basis for the determination of significant accounting policies and accounting estimates is required to be disclosed. In relation to financial instruments, a detailed disclosure on the enterprises financial risk exposure is now required.8. Transitional adjustments The New Accounting Standards were applicable to listed companies effective from 1 January 2007. The MOF has issued transitional provisions which are included in the standard on First Time Adoption of Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises. The standard requires that at the date of transaction, an entity should reclassify, recognize and measure all assets, liabilities and owners equity in accordance with the New Accounting Standards and prepare an opening balance sheet. These transitional provisions may reduce the workload and complexities for preparers adoption of the New Accounting Standards.

Hearts and Minds Essay Example for Free

Hearts and Minds EssayMovies and documentaries have a way of pitiable the lives of many. For the most part, they are geared towards the exhibition of truths that are hidden from other lot. The documentary, Hearts and Minds, mirrored the numerous difficulties experienced by the Vietnamese in the detention of the American soldiers. The harsh realities shown by the American soldiers towards the Vietnamese was quite difficult to cerebrate, for we all know how the Americans would care for any other individual. Directed by jibe Davis, the documentary showed different clips that prove the harsh attitude towards people at that time. Even the speech of former President Lyndon Johnson was shown in the said documentary. To give people a great feel of the said timeline, much of the most famous details during that particular time were shown. The type of music, clothes, and even some old chronicle were shown. In this manner, it would become easier for the audiences to understand what was being explained to them. I admire the montage feeling provided by the documentary. Together with the voice over, notice the documentary was like reflexion any other historical how. However, what sets it apart from the rest were the heartbreaking realities exhibited.I could not help but wonder as to how people were treated below the belt and how other people could bear causing pain to others. One of the scenes that caught my attention was the funeral of a soldier. Surrounding the coffin were grieving people, including the family and friends. However, for some reason, one grieving gentlewoman was stopped from following the coffin being laid to rest. This particular scene was contrasted with a clip showing the interview of the general who led the Vietnam War. Furthermore, there were several(prenominal) other interviews included in the documentary.Although I am not of Vietnamese, origin I was heartbroken by the difficulties experienced at that time. For the longest time, they experi enced pain, twain physical and emotional, while they struggled to raise their families accordingly. A particular scene exemplified the hardships endured by the Vietnamese during that particular time. The scene showed how the prisoners of the war were sitting restless and not compensable attention to what their employer had in mind. I felt pity with the condition these people experienced, toppled by the excessive torture and inhumane humiliations provided by the American soldiers.After watching the documentary, one could not help but question what has been taught in class during our younger days. I was surprised at how the outcome of this war has been, including the participation that the American soldiers portrayed. However, due to the extensive information provided, some critics may also form their own conclusion as to how the said war was used as propaganda. On the other hand, it would be expected that some people would opt to be biased towards the Vietnamese and consider them t o be victims of the American occupation.Regardless of everything that has been said, I believe that we all have our own perceptions towards things. Personally, I believe that the goal of this film was to show the other side of history that not everyone was aware of. In this manner, I would be able to form my own beliefs as to how people would be able to learn from these hurtful experiences. It is useless for us to keep on animate in the pastwe should all move forward in helping make a different in this lifetime. I must say that I recommend this film to everyone, especially those who are currently studying about the history of the United States.

Slavery in Ile de France

Slavery in Ile de FranceSlavery in Ile de FranceIf we go back into history, we can n one that thralldom had existed on the island since the sixteenth century by the Dutch settlement. Slavery had become firmly embedded in the economy and society of Mauritius. Mauritius, previously know as Ile de France was colonised by the Dutch (1638-1710), the cut (1715-1810) and later by the British (1810-1835) which paved the way towards the abolition of slavery in 1835.It was only when Guillaume Dufresne dArsel get in 1715 that the island came to be known as a french closure. He named it Ile de France. It was only in 1721 that the French began to occupy the island. From 1598 to 1710, the Dutch were the first one to inject possession of the island. However, we cannot deny that before the Dutch stay in Mauritius, in 1510, a Portuguese sailor, Don Pedro Mascarenhas was the main founder of the island but he was not interested. Whether during the Dutch, French or British stay in Mauritius, they faced a lot of problems. So, slaves had to be brought from some other countries. As we already know, since centuries, under the colonial era, the one having more territories was considered to be more powerful. But who will work on those territories? Since there were not enough workers to work on the land, it was necessary to bring slaves on the island through slave trade.Slavery had played an important role in the historiography of the island. Whether in early eighteenth or nineteenth century, while European settlers were on the island, we can examine the condition of the slaves with their masters. Slavery in Mauritius is still considered to be less common than others like West Indian slavery. Slaves were mainly brought from countries like Goa-India, Madagascar, Mozambique and other regions of Africa but Reunion was the first island from which slaves were first introduced in Ile de France. But what was the aim behind this? They were brought to work for the development and betterm ent of Ile de France. This was seen to be advantageous for slave owners since slaves compass was beingness exploited at cheaper price.The slaves were divided into different ethnic categories such as Creole, Indian, Malagasy and Mozambican. Each ethnic group were portrayed as having specific attributes for example. Mozambican slaves were characterised as being hardworking on plantation fields which indicates that they were physically strong but less intelligent. Contrary to this, Indian slaves were weak to work on plantations fields.According to Milbert, the African slaves were less in numbers. Furthermore, Prentout adds that these slaves were seen as the best hardworking labourers but more intelligent than the Mozambican slaves Parmi eux, les yolofs, plus grands et plus forts sont regards comme les meilleurs reprsentants de la race ngre, ils sont plus intelligents que ceux qui viennent de la cote de Mozambique ou de la cote adjacente .Different names were picturised to slaves who came from Africa or Mozambique Macoas, Mondjavocas, Sennas, Moursenas, Yabanes, Mouquidos, Mavairs, Macondes and Miamoeses. These slaves were physically portrayed as having thick lips, flat nose, unctuous skin and woolly hair. Another category of slaves coming from Madagascar were known to be Hovas, Betsiles, Antatoimes, and Sakalavas. Those who came from India were classified as Talingas, Malabars and Bengalis.In addition, pot had their own perception close to the relationship between slaves and their owners. Likewise, Charles Telfair noticed that there was a relationship of kindness which prevailed between slaves and their masters dans la plus haute classe, les rapports des maitres avec les esclaves taient empreints de bienveillance. Thus, the master was far from being a cruel and oppressive ruler. Prentout further adds that il ny avait pas lile de France, la mme haine des esclaves quaux Antilles.Slaves were nevertheless known to be a source of property for their masters. Rey nolds Michel, a priest of Catholic Diocese argues that Slavery, an origin as old as the history of human society is based on the exploitation of mans labour. Certainly the history of slavery is a history of blood and tears lived by millions of men and women, a memory of people torn from their land of origin, of bodies thrown at the bottom of the holds of ships, corpses thrown overboard, removal and prohibition to bear ones surname, forced labour and humiliation n the plantations. But it is also the story of a permanent resistance from beginning to end. And it is this strength in resistance in its many forms which abolished slavery.Therefore, slaves did not superstar a comfortable and simple life. They were none other than a source of income for their masters. They were just treated like an object which could be bought or sold any prison term without restriction. They had no rightly to neither misbehave nor demand anything. Even the children of slaves were denied the right to educ ation and were perceived as slaves just like their parents. Power was solely concentrated in the hands of the masters, that is, whenever they wanted they could use and throw away the slaves. For example, women slaves were brought at their masters place, just for the sake of sexual pleasures. They did not have the right to translator out. In short they did not enjoy any form of human rights and they were completely deprived of their freedom. Thus, the history of slavery must be remembered because memory undertakes not to repeat it. However, we cannot deny the fact that slavery had a great significance in the economic development of the colony.Dutch period (1638-1710)The Dutch occupation in Ile de France lasted from 1638 to 1710. The Dutch presence in Mauritius became noticeable through their introduction of domestic animals and plants like sugarcane. The Dutch East India Company also known as the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) was an institution where the rich and poor wer e treated equally in trade affairs. This had included the support of regulator Van der Stel who imported slaves as labour was required in abundance for the better functioning of the company. Mauritius was seen as a country which would derive economic benefits for the VOC.During the Dutch period, slaves were brought mainly from Madagascar to work on the fields. However, many slaves, also known as maroon slaves ran away into the forests and often caused havoc for the settlers. They destroyed houses, burn farms or other properties so as to avoid being dominated and exploited. They knew if they were captured by their masters, they had to face severe consequences but still they tried to escape. The Dutch settlement lasted for about 20 years and they finally left the island for the French in 1710.French period (1715-1810)In 1715, the French took control of the island on behalf of the King and renamed it Ile de France. The island was managed under the direction of the French East India Com pany and it retained its existence until 1767. From 1767 until 1810, the French organisation chose officials and appointed them in Ile de France but this lasted only for a short period until the French revolution. Besides, amidst the Napoleonic wars, the French used Ile de France as a base where French corsairs were successful in launching surprise attacks on British ships. Until 1810, the French attacks and efforts in holding up the colony were effective until the British landed, but this time in great numbers and thus took possession of the island while the French capitulated. While surrendering, the British assured that the practice of the French traditions, customs, language and religion would be respected and maintained.Among the French settlers, the Code Noir was established and subsequently seen as the rules that slaves had to follow. It was published between 1685 and 1783 and declared by Louis X1V in 1723. Bernardin de Saint- Pierre was somehow in party favor about the regi me of the Code-Noir but he claimed that the laws established for the slaves were not really granted to them. He adds that il y a une loi faite en faveur des esclaves appele le Code Noir. Cette loi favorable ordonne qu chaque punition ils ne recevront pas plus de trente coups, quils ne travailleront point le dimanche, quon leur donnera de la viande toutes les semaines, des chemises tous les ans quand ils sont vieux, on les envoie chercher leur vie comme ils peuvent. Un jour jen vis un qui navoit que la peau et les os, dcouper la chair dun cheval mort pour la manger. Ctait un squelette qui en dvorait un autre. Slaves were forced to respect the laws point if they had to undergo tyrannical treatments. Nagapen argues, les maitres sarrogeaient le droit de vie et de mort sur leurs esclaves.The slaves were granted the right to be baptised by the Articles I and II of the Code-Noir. Besides, they were not allowed to give way into matrimony without the permission of their masters. Yet, the Code-Noir was somehow useful for the slaves as it provided support for them both physically and morally. The owners were restrained from ill-treating and torturing the slaves. Slaves did not work on Sundays and public holidays. Additionally, they had the right to lodge complains against their owners and that to be done to the procureur- gnral namely Virieux. When he settled on the island, he noticed that in no other colony had slaves been treated so well and the reasons for this were that the ruler passed wise and enlightened measures, that whites were nicer towards their slaves than free black slave- owners.In his study, Karl Noel mentions that slaves did not complain about any laws imposed upon them. In fact, they had no right but only to be obedient towards the law. The type of punishment the slave had to face was decided by the owners. Maroon slaves had to bear harsh consequences than them like their ears being cut or they even faced death. In short, governors like Souillac and Pierre Poivre blamed the unpleasant and dreadful foundation of slavery. Slaves were also in constant struggle towards the laws imposed upon them. Those who could no more tolerate these brutal conditions landed up committing theft, suicide, abortion or even escaping from there.In 1735, the French Governor Labourdonnais started developing Ile de France. Whether under the Dutch rule or French settlement, Ile de France became victim of several threats like starvation. Hence, Labourdonnais introduced staple food like manioc and maize for the slaves. Karl Noel imitation that under the French governance there were less agricultural works but they rather focussed on commerce, industry and warfare.

Use of self and peer assessment

Use of self and peer assessmentUse of Self and friction match assessmentSelf Assessment describes the activities employed within and outside the schoolroom that enable the pupil to reflect on what has been collectt and judge it against a specialise of criteria, e.g. exploitation traffic light systems which give pupils the opportunity to indicate their own thoughts close a plunk of lap against the given mastery Criteria (SC). This could precisely be used during a pit-stop or plenary, pupils mark work with an R, A or G or with the relevant colour. I bugger off seen this working effectively with children in Keystage 1. Admittedly lower ability pupils require an element of support but simply completing the puzzle out prepares and develops their sympathy for the future.Both the whiteboard and the interactive whiteboard are access points for pupils to refer to find their scholarship objective and success criteria. Often the LO and SC hatful be located on childrens work.Self E valuation is the process by which the pupil gains an understanding ofhowthey are learning as opposed towhatthey are learning. at that place are numerous factors that the class teacher must consider here. Whether there is/are The right classroom climate Clarity in the intended learning outcome and a model of what success looks like examples of expected outcome, modelled by the teacher or TA Time for self assessment and reflection preparation to allow the pupils to assess their own workeffectively e.g. use of traffic light cards and colour indicators Planned opportunities for pupils to assess their work during plenaries and pit-stops Resources provided that help the self assessment process on whiteboard, selected pieces of work Classroom strategies that support self and peer assessment include modelling by the teacher using exemplars at the beginning, during or after completing tasks, success criteria shared or created and continually referred to by teacher and pupils (see white board photograph), use of questioning techniques that promote higher order thinking, graphic organisers e.g. thumbs up, post its, charts and creation maps that encourage reflection on learning process and learning outcome, reflection judgment of conviction during the lesson referring to agreed success criteria, marking that celebrates and encourages the pupil to reflect on tones of their work related to success criteria, prate partners are sometimes less inhibiting for pupils to express difficulties. The process develops a more analytical approach to their work as they learn from their partners talks. It is infixed that pupils are trained. (And last but not least), setting clear targets that pupils understand and can refer to, in order to improve their workThe flip Owl has become a universal character through Reception to Year 4 at MACAULAY PRIMARY, to indicate the Learning Objective. Similarly is the use of the Success Criteria toolkit, arming pupils with the things they nee d to succeed in a given task. Using Talk PartnersBlack, P. and Wiliam, D. (1998) indicated that it is crucial that children are familiar with self assessment before embarking on peer assessment, which can be known as talk partners or buddy checkers. Children need to be trained in how to do this and a set of ground rules need to be established. I have spent a lot of time with pupils ensuring they are all fully aware of the expectations. Additionally, the emotional aspect of sharing work with a partner should not be overlooked as children can find it daunting to share their work with other pupils in their class. However, the teaching of literacy seems to lend itself to these types of experiences because of the emphasis on development of speaking and listening skills.As a teacher you should model paired marking for the whole class, using role-play to demonstrate the wrong way and the right way over a piece of work. Recently during our topic on Roald Dahl I produced a piece of descripti ve writing which pupils then marked using set criteria. Ive found it useful to use paired marking two thirds of the way through a lesson, so that the children can make the improvement and continue with a better understanding of the quality of the work.In order to develop a sound understanding of AfL I recommend the approaches Shirley Clarke discusses in her book Targeting Assessment in the Primary Classroom and Clarkes Golden Rules for marking with a talk partner should be an essential part of any primary teachers toolkit. The guidelines are clear and can be used to create a class agreement for how best to work with your talk partner.Clarke suggests that some(prenominal) partners should be roughly the same ability, or just one jump ahead or behind, rather than a wide gap, however, I have found that pupils do benefit from working with partners of varying abilities at selected times. Each pupil should take time to check their own work before a talk partner sees it. The talk partner should begin with a positive comment at least one. The roles of both parties need to be clearly defined. And perchance displayed for future reference. The talk partner needs time to take in the childs work, so it is best for the author to read out work first. This also establishes willpower of the piece. Children need to be trained in the success and improvement process, or whatever is being used, so that they are confident with the steps involved. Children must both agree the part to be changed. The author should make the marks on his or her work, as a result of the paired discussion. Children need to be reminded that the heighten of their task is the learning intention for the piece of work. The talk partner should ask for clarification rather than jump to conclusions. The improvement suggestions should be verbal and not write down. The only writing necessary is the identification of the success(es) and the improvement itself.Common experiences, I have observed in the teachin g of literacy include Use of talk partners Peer and Self Assessment Time to respond to marking Comments to help children improveHowever, I have found that there can be issues with ensuring pupils have time to respond to the comments made. During the spring term in Year 2, we provided pupils with time solely for this purpose this was very successful and allowed me, as the class teacher to provide vital feedback essential for the children to progress. A second issue is having time to mark pupils work in this way, the policy indicates that not all pieces of work require marking in full but to select one key piece a week in each subject, making this a more realistic objective.As part of a continuous process of monitoring individual progress at Macaulay Primary School, some work, for example in Golden Books, is marked accord to National Curriculum levels. Trialling within a year group, a key stage and as a whole school is carried out to ensure that levelling is correct, this is harden by the Literacy Coordinators and ensures continuity throughout the school. The Golden Book follows the children through each year group during their time in the school, instantly providing evidence of progression.