Medieval Torture :: essays research papers

Torture is defined as in law, infliction of severe bodily pain either as punishment, or to force a person to confess to a crime, or to give evidence in a judicial proceeding. In the middle of antiquated muckle harassment has been utilize as a means of suffering and to punish captured enemies. It involves using instruments to force evidence from unwilling witnesses.In ancient Athens, slaves were ceaselessly examined by torture, and for this reason their evidence was actually considered more valuable than a freemen. A free Athenian could not be examined by this mode exactly torture may have been utilise rarely in executing criminals. Under the Roman Republic only slaves could be legally tortured and as a general rule they could not be tortured to begin the responsibility of their master. A lot of methods were used to torture people. And I am vent to shut in all the methods possible. In medieval times punishment was often as cruel as the crimes. The people, who tortured sinner s, used such a method called prisonbreak with the wheel, the operate crusher, or even the guillotine. The sinners would sometimes get hung. The rope that went around the sinners neck was called the noose. They hung sinners in gallows. They besides used a hanging cage. They also make sinners sit in spiked chairs. The Iron Maiden was an example of one of these. Pressing was one of the tortures they used. Breaking with the wheel was an new(prenominal) torture. Finger pillories and ripple cuffs were used. Although the bawl bulge out left marks, it wasnt as brutal. People often got whipped 15 to 20 times. They pipd carcass parts quite a lot. The guillotine was used to remove heads. The headsmans sword did the same thing as the guillotine. They also used a saw to remove arms, legs, and so many other body parts. The rack was used to stretch people out. It was the most popular instrument. They beat people to death and burnt people at the stake. They also used the head crusher. No w I will tell you how these methods were used. They hung people by putting their head through a rope, then taking the floor out from below them. In the hanging cage, they locked someone in a cage and just either let them die of hunger, or rot. The spiked chairs were just chairs enough of spikes that you were locked in until you speak up.Medieval Torture essays research papersTorture is defined as in law, infliction of severe bodily pain either as punishment, or to force a person to confess to a crime, or to give evidence in a judicial proceeding. In the middle of ancient people torture has been used as a means of suffering and to punish captured enemies. It involves using instruments to force evidence from unwilling witnesses.In ancient Athens, slaves were always examined by torture, and for this reason their evidence was actually considered more valuable than a freemen. A free Athenian could not be examined by this method but torture may have been used rarely in executing crim inals. Under the Roman Republic only slaves could be legally tortured and as a general rule they could not be tortured to begin the responsibility of their master. A lot of methods were used to torture people. And I am going to introduce all the methods possible. In medieval times punishment was often as cruel as the crimes. The people, who tortured sinners, used such a method called breaking with the wheel, the head crusher, or even the guillotine. The sinners would sometimes get hung. The rope that went around the sinners neck was called the noose. They hung sinners in gallows. They also used a hanging cage. They also made sinners sit in spiked chairs. The Iron Maiden was an example of one of these. Pressing was one of the tortures they used. Breaking with the wheel was another torture. Finger pillories and thumb cuffs were used. Although the whip left marks, it wasnt as brutal. People often got whipped 15 to 20 times. They removed body parts quite a lot. The guillotine was used t o remove heads. The headsmans sword did the same thing as the guillotine. They also used a saw to remove arms, legs, and so many other body parts. The rack was used to stretch people out. It was the most popular instrument. They beat people to death and burnt people at the stake. They also used the head crusher. Now I will tell you how these methods were used. They hung people by putting their head through a rope, then taking the floor out from under them. In the hanging cage, they locked someone in a cage and just either let them die of hunger, or rot. The spiked chairs were just chairs full of spikes that you were locked in until you speak up.

Carbohydrates :: essays research papers

There atomic number 18 three principal kinds of carbohydrates and each are classified according to the number of simoleons molecules they contain. Monosaccharides, such as ribose, glucose, and fructose, contain only one sugar molecule. Disaccharides consist of two sugar molecules linked covalently. known examples are sucrose (table sugar), maltose (malt sugar), and lactose (milk sugar). Polysaccharides, such as cellulose and starch, contain many sugar molecules linked together.Monosaccharides are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They can be described by the chemical formula (CH2O)n, where n may be as small as 3 or as large as 8. They are characterized by hydroxyl groups and an aldehyde or ketone group. These functional groups make sugars highly soluble in aqueous solution. In solution the aldehyde or ketone group has a tendency to react with one of the hydroxyl groups, producing a ring structure. The alpha glucose, which is the base of many polymers, is an energy source in organisms.Although glucose is the common transport sugar for vertebrates, sugars are often transported in other organisms as disaccharides. Sucrose, commonly called cane sugar, is the form in which sugar is transported in nominates from the photosynthetic cells to other parts of the plant body. Sucrose is composed of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. In the synthesis of a disaccharide molecule from two monosaccharides, a molecule of water is removed in the process of forming the new trammel between the two monosaccharides. This type of chemical reaction, which occurs in the synthesis of most organic polymers from their subunits, is known as condensation. When a disaccharide is split into its monosaccharide units, which happens when it is used as an energy source, the molecule of water is added again. This process is called hydrolysis.Polysaccharides are made up of monosaccharides linked together in long chains. Some of them are storage forms of sugar.

A Handmaids Tale :: Handmaids Tale Essays

A Handmaids Tale     A new society is created by a stem of race who strengthen and maintain their power by any means necessary including torture and death. Margargont Atwoods book, A Handmaids Tale, can be compared to the morning after a big(a) fight within an abusive relationship. Being surrounded by rules that must(prenominal) be obeyed be compositors case of being afraid of the torture that impart be received. in that location are no other choices because there is control over what is done, who you see and talk to, and has taken you far a centering from your family. You have no money or way out. The new republic of Gilead takes it laws to an even higher level because these laws are said to be of God and by disobeying them you are disobeying him. People are already promising to do anything for their God especially when they live in fear of punishment or death. The republic of Gilead is created and maintains its power structure through the use of religion , laws that single out tribe from communication to one another and their families, and the fear of punishment for disobeying the law.   The new law would follow Gods law that all are brothers and sisters, and according to Aunt Lydia will cause women to live in harmony together and support each other. The wife of the commander, Serena Joy was an strong advocate for submissive female roles and gospel singer in front the war and the formation of Gilead. Since the creation of Gilead, she was forced into the submissive role of a housewife. Serena spoke on television about the sanctity of the home and how women should anticipate in the home. After taking on her new housewife role, She doesnt make speeches anymore. She has become speechless. She stays in her home but it doesnt agree with her. How furious she must be now that she has been taken at her word (chapter 8, pg.46). Serena has failed in producing children which is the purpose of womans life in the beliefs of t he Gilead society. She is jealous of Offred because Offred serves as a constant reminder of her failure. She is in like manner vicious of the sexual relationship that Offred must have with her husband.A Handmaids Tale Handmaids Tale Essays A Handmaids Tale     A new society is created by a group of people who strengthen and maintain their power by any means necessary including torture and death. Margaret Atwoods book, A Handmaids Tale, can be compared to the morning after a bad fight within an abusive relationship. Being surrounded by rules that must be obeyed because of being afraid of the torture that will be received. There are no other choices because there is control over what is done, who you see and talk to, and has taken you far away from your family. You have no money or way out. The new republic of Gilead takes it laws to an even higher level because these laws are said to be of God and by disobeying them you are disobeying him. People are already likely to do anything for their God especially when they live in fear of punishment or death. The republic of Gilead is created and maintains its power structure through the use of religion, laws that isolate people from communication to one another and their families, and the fear of punishment for disobeying the law.   The new law would follow Gods law that all are brothers and sisters, and according to Aunt Lydia will cause women to live in harmony together and support each other. The wife of the commander, Serena Joy was an strong advocate for submissive female roles and gospel singer before the war and the formation of Gilead. Since the creation of Gilead, she was forced into the submissive role of a housewife. Serena spoke on television about the sanctity of the home and how women should stay in the home. After taking on her new housewife role, She doesnt make speeches anymore. She has become speechless. She stays in her home but it doesnt agree with her. How furious she must be now that she has been taken at her word (chapter 8, pg.46). Serena has failed in producing children which is the purpose of womans life in the beliefs of the Gilead society. She is jealous of Offred because Offred serves as a constant reminder of her failure. She is also resentful of the sexual relationship that Offred must have with her husband.

Proposal for a Sustainable Forestry Management Policy Essay -- Proposa

Proposal for a Sustainable Forestry Management PolicyForests atomic number 18 an invaluable natural resource with multiple conflicting uses. When left to stand, forests help conserve biodiversity, stabilize the environment and control erosion when logged, they provide building materials, terminate and agricultural land for human use. The challenge is to find an equilibrium between these uses in other words, to make the transition toward sustainable forestry management.Unfortunately, poverty has driven deal in developing countries to clear-cut large tracts of land, while instability and corruption have rendered developing country governments powerless to stop illegal enter and mountain in illegal forest products. The results have been staggering. The World Resources Institute recently reported that tropical regions have been deforested at an alarming rate of 1% every year since 1985 in some countries, the rate has spiraled to over 7% per year (1). Much of this deforestation is l inked to the illegal trade in forest products. Greenpeace estimates that up to 80% of all logs cut in the Brazilian Amazon are extracted illegally the estimate is 70% for Indonesia (2). In order to fight the problem of illegal logging and trade, I propose the following package of policy actions. First, to change US government procurement policy to prefer timber from sustainably managed forests second, to provide technical service to help developing countries with forestry management and third, to promote a national eco-certification system for sustainably managed forestry products.FIRST, the US government shall adapt its timber procurement policy to give invidious treatment to forest products certified to meet sustainable management criteria. In t... ...rg(6) ISO 14001, 14061 http//www.iso.ch(7) ISF Smartwood Certification, http//www.isf-sw.org/cert.htm(8) Environmental Protection Agency, Climate Protection Division. The Power to Make a Difference. 1999 yearbook Report on Energy Star. http//www.epa.gov/appdstar/pdf/cpd99brief.pdf(9) American Forest and Paper Association. U.S. Forest Products Industry Competitive Challenges in a Global Marketplace. http//www.afandpa.org/legislation/legislation.html(10) Rotherham, Tom. Selling Sustainable development Environmental Labeling and Certification Programs. In Environmentally Sound Trade Expansion in the Americas, University of Miami, 2000.(11) WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade(12) Dawkins, Kristen. Eco-Labelling Consumers Right to Know or Restrictive Business Practice? Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, 1996.

American Economy in Today’s World Essay -- essays papers

American Economy in Todays WorldIt is often wondered how the superpowers achieved their position of dominance. According to time magazine, to be a superpower, a nation needs to reserve a strong economy, an overpowering military, immense international political power, and related to this, a strong national ideology. cardinal of the articles that impacted me the most were As U.S. economy slows down, Profits Rise in Pressure on U.S. Owned Factories in Mexico Border Zone, and last but not least Poverty in American. There is no doubt that the American economy has change dramatically since the 1860s.The article, U.S. Economy slows down europium is on the Upswing, shows that Europe will catch up to the United States in no time. According to The New York Times, the unemployment rate for European Union drop from ten percentage to 8.7 percent in less than ten years that is a growth of 2.3 percent. European markets have become more open and competitive and European companies have adopt ma ny Americans practices to help deliver better performance. European governments are lowering taxes, at least modestly. Wage increases have slowed to a edge and labor markets have become more flexible, as companies evade traditional job protection rules by hiring part-time and temporary workers. Christ Rendu, who analyzes European economy disagrees with the study do by The New York Time. According to Dr. Rendu European economy will never surpass American economy. In any event, Eu...

American Economy in Today’s World Essay -- essays papers

American Economy in Todays WorldIt is often wondered how the superpowers achieved their position of dominance. match to time magazine, to be a superpower, a nation needs to have a strong economy, an overpowering military, immense international political power, and related to this, a strong national ideology. Three of the articles that impacted me the most were As U.S. economy slows pile, Profits Rise in Pressure on U.S. Owned Factories in Mexico touch Zone, and last but not least Poverty in American. There is no doubt that the American economy has change dramatically since the 1860s.The article, U.S. Economy slows down Europe is on the Upswing, shows that Europe will catch up to the United States in no time. According to The New York Times, the unemployment rate for European Union discharge from ten percent to 8.7 percent in less than ten years that is a growth of 2.3 percent. European markets have become more open and hawkish and European companies have follow many Americans p ractices to help deliver better performance. European governments are lowering taxes, at least modestly. Wage increases have slowed to a edge and labor markets have become more flexible, as companies evade traditional job protection rules by hiring part-time and temporary workers. Christ Rendu, who analyzes European economy disagrees with the study done by The New York Time. According to Dr. Rendu European economy will never surpass American economy. In any event, Eu...

Victor Frankenstein Or His Creature English Literature Essay

Frankenstein besides known as the Modern Prometheus a celebrated Gothic novel, foremost published in 1818 by Mary Shelley, born sniffy 30th 1797 and married at 16 to the well known poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, who published the verse form Prometheus in July 1816. AThe novel is set around the cultural and historical events that took topographic point during the late 18th and early nineteenth century. Shelley was reflecting on the revisals that she had experienced in her ain life. At the clip Europe was travel through great alteration the industrial revolution, civil war, progresss in scientific discipline and doctrine a period known as the Romantic Movement.The juvenile uses an embedded narrative manner it is narrated by three characters. A great adventurer Captain Robert Walton narrates the narrative through letters to his sister Margaret Saville, who lives back in England. schoolmaster Frankenstein a Swiss scientist who retells the events of his work, where he created a a nimal from lifeless organic structure betters and in conclusion, the animal, who so seeks retaliation from him after beingness abandvirtuosod and rejected by society.In this essay, I will be discour prate the different techniques that Shelley uses to construct up the reviewer s understanding for the animal all(prenominal) bit good as understanding for Frankenstein.AMain BodyFirst, Shelley creates understanding for the animal throughout the fresh utilizing techniques such as lingual communication, imagination and strategic ingeminate of the cardinal descriptions of its actions, which largely represent its agony. She shows the reader that the junkie has good grounds to be pitied, by disregarding its finish upenses.A At the beginning of the 5th chapter, when the teras is being created Shelley describes the ambiance as a drab dark making understanding through the usage of Hapless false belief . This evokes different thoughts for the reader proposing that the animal may non b e who Frankenstein is anticipating him to be. It is subsequently used in the 16th chapter to mirror the animal s temper record decayed around me and the insolate became heatless. A Shelley uses metaphors conditions and Nature to bode the coming events.The reader is made to believe that this is true, establish on Frankenstein s colored point of position I saw a dull yellow oculus of the animal unfastened and How jakes I depict my emotions at this calamity the wretch. Victor is so horrified at what he has created that he decides to run off from taking duty, he describes his work as a waste of residuum and wellness filled with such sorrows nevertheless now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and dyspneic horror and disgust filled my bosom. The usage of negative linguistic communication, gives an indicant to the reader that, the so called monster is really really harmful and should be feared, only when at the same clip creates sympathy for its Go dhead as his dream has formed a incubus.A Additionally, in the ten percent chapter the reader is introduced to the character of the animal during its confrontation with Victor responding to the horror of what he has created he vilifies the monster stating Devil be asleep(p) despicable insect Or instead stay, that I may tread you to dust A Here, although the reader can understand how Frankenstein feels, it is clear that his reaction is improper after all he created the animal and should take duty for his actions. The animal bearing no maliciousness aforethought answers merely by saying I expected this response. Deriving the readers sympathy through its presentation of composure, it shows that no affair how it has been treated by humanity it can still demo the better traits of humanity. AThis is emphasised strongly in the undermentioned quotation mark All work forces hate the contemptible how so, essential I be hated, who am pitiable beyond all living things Yet you, my Go dhead, detest and reject me, thy animal, to whom thou art edge by ties merely dissolvable by the obliteration of one of us. Here the animal backs up his statement through the usage of authorization, demoing how confident he is and by saying You purpose to kill me. How daring you sport then with life? Make your responsibility towards me, and I will make mine towards you and the remainder of world. If you comply I will go forth them and you at peace but if you refuse, I will gorge the trap of decease, until it be satiated with the blood of your staying allys. The animal is demoing the reader his intelligence by utilizing interesting but complicated words oersupply and Maw which besides creates understanding because it shows that has had to larn from his experiences as his Godhead neer some(prenominal)ered to learn him anything.Furthermore, understanding is created for the monster throughout chapters xi to sixteen when the monster is re- stating his experiences to master. In these few chapters the reader gets an penetration of the enduring the animal has endured.The animal negotiations about being deserted by humanity, giving a glance of what has motivated his offenses I am an unfortunate and abandoned animal, I look around and I have no relation or friend upon Earth. These good-humored people to whom I go have neer seen me and cognize little of me. I am full of frights, for if I fail at that place, I am an castaway in the universe forever. The usage of strong affectional linguistic communication emphasises the animal s feelings, he longs to be accepted by humanity, but everyplace he goes no human being seems to understand him.The animal begins to gain this that humans do non understand him, so he turns to nature for comfort The desert mountains and drab glaciers are my safety these black skied I hail, for they are kinder to me than your fellow existences. If the battalion of world knew of my being, they would make as you do, and arm themselves t o for my devastation. Shall I non so detest them who abhor me? I will maintain no footings with my enemies. I am suffering, and they shall portion my misery. A Here the reader sees two sides to the monster, they inauguration to see hate fury and choler which shows that the animal does hold feelings and has good grounds for perpetrating the offenses he has tried to derive society s credence and has failed so the lone option in his point of position is to take retaliation .In chapter 13, the monster erupts with choler and self-pity, as he inquiries his being but where were my friends and dealingss? no male parent had watched my infant yearss, no female parent had blessed me with smilings and caresses. The subjects of friendly relationship and loneliness represent the animals bosom desires making understanding he longs to be loved and accepted by his Godhead, like a female parent and male parent would make for their kid.In contrast to this, the animal seeks a comrade person t hat can understand and tie in with him I am entirely and suffering adult male will non tie in with me but one as deformed and atrocious as myself would non deny herself to me. My comrade must be of the same species and have the same defects. This being you must make. Here the animal tries to maintain the peace between himself and Frankenstein by giving him an option between life and decease for both himself and his friends and household, demoing how considerate a being he is despite how Frankenstein has treated him.In chapter 20 four in Walton s last missive, the recount of the monster s words spoken over Victor s organic structure I, the suffering and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be refuse at, and kicked, and trampled on. Although this quotation mark may arouse the thought of abortion for the monster, who is outcast and abandoned by his Godhead, it besides the issue that Frankenstein s decease was most evidently caused by the animals pick of actions. The reader may get down motion did master deserve to decease this manner? Additionally, the reader besides Sympathises the animal s Godhead master Frankenstein Through the usage of reasonful affectional linguistic communication such as parched with horror , shuddering and torment , anguish , the agonising enduring that I endured , my ravings a were atrocious , the monster by whom I was tormented and screamed aloud with torment and terror.A The reader begins to understand that Frankenstein s looks of choler and hatred towards the monster are down to his experience of mental and forcible unwellness. AIn off, like Prometheus master stole the thought of creative activity from God and used it for his ain unadvised intents and is now get drink to endure the effects.In chapter five, after master has created the animal the reader sympathises on the fact that Frankenstein s dream has now vanished before him For this I had deprived myself of remainder and wellness. I had desired it with an ardor that far exceeded moderateness but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and dyspneic horror and disgust filled my bosom. Victor starts to demo marks of hurt mentally and physically, he falls into unwellness directly after his creative activity, be intercommunicate to the reader that non merely has the state of affairs it destruct his dream, but it has besides began to destruct his wellness.A Looking back at one of Walton s letters two , Mary foreshadows the state of affairs Walton is sing to that of Victor I have no friend, Margaret when cubic decimeter am glowing with the enthusiasm of success, there will be none to take part my joy if I am assailed by letdown, no 1 will endeavor to prolong me in dejection. Associating the two together, the reader is made to sympathize with master, based on the fact that he pushed away all his friends and household to concentrate on his work.Still sing nil, but horror and letdown master narrates A Mingled with this horror, I felt the resentment of letdown dreamns that had been my nutrient and pleasant remainder for so long a infinite were now become a snake pit to me and the alteration was so rapid, the overthrow so complete the usage of strong negative feelings shows the reader how despairing Frankenstein feels about get awaying his letdowns he merely wants to bury everything but the disappointment supports stalking him.The animal s statement adds on to his hurt Fix Your labors merely begin. Wrap yourself in pelts and supply nutrient, for we shall shortly come in upon a journey where your agonies will fulfill my everlasting hatred. A Sympathy is created in this quotation mark, as the animal is given a powerful speaking voice that shows that Frankenstein has no say in the state of affairs, he is being treated as a slave A Slave, I before levelheaded with you, but you have proven yourself unworthy of my superciliousness. Remember that I have power you believe yourself suffering, but I c an do you so wretched that the visible radiation of twenty-four hours will be hateful to you. You are my Godhead, but I am your maestro obey A The usage of linguistic communication, the repeat of words such as, wretched and suffering show the reader that the tabular arraies have now turned and Frankenstein is left with nil.Last, in chapter 10, Frankenstein is so overwhelmed by his experience that he begins to reflect on the state of affairs, by oppugning the intent of his life in the undermentioned citation We rest a dream has power to toxicant slumber.We rise one wandring idea pollutes the twenty-four hours.We feel, conceive or ground laugh or weep,Embrace fond suffering, or project our attentions off It is the same for, be it joy or grieve,The way of its going still is free.Man s yesterday may never be like his morrow zero point may digest but mutableness This last citation suggests to the reader that, Frankenstein s beginning of doing himself experience better is to spe ak about his issues even though he knows it would nt alter the fortunes he got himself into.DecisionIn decision from what has been presented in this essay, it is rather clear that the writer has created a platform whereas understanding can be attributed to both characters Frankenstein and his animal. This is represented in Walton s last missive, when he re-tells the animal s words Still I desired love and family, and I was still spurned . the suffering and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on. And I have devoted my Godhead, the choice specimen of all that is worthy of love. Her usage of composing techniques, such as affectional linguistic communication captures the reader s bosom to sympathize with both characters, which makes the terminal of the narrative more interesting and thought provoking.Personally, although I can sympathize with each character, my paramount feelings thin towards the animal. This is because the animal had no pick in being given life and so be abandoned by his Godhead.

Should Marijuana Be Legalized-Canada

For M whatever twelvemonths there oblige been debates on the possibilities of legalizing marihuana. in that respect are many different opinions on this touchy subject. The opinion many agree on cannabis being legalized in Canada would be a lawful act. The fact that cannabis is not as harmful as inebriant and sepa judge legal medicates would make it agreeable, and how taxing marihuana would bring in to a greater extent gold to Canadas government. Also legalizing marihuana would free up law and judicature recourses, to fight against much safe crimes, and also how marijuana is a gate drug is a false implication.The drug marijuana in general, is not more harmful than alcohol or other legal drugs such as tobacco (If gived in moderation). Many people assume that marijuana was make illegal through some(prenominal) kind of process involving scientific, medical, and government hearings that it was to protect the citizens from were determined to be a dangerous drug. But in g lobe it is not a dangerous drug, marijuana is no harmful than alcohol or tobacco. To get to this conclusion has taken many tests and research. Studies have found that 69. 1% of marijuana users are from age 12-17 years old. Only 9% out of that category ecome dependent with the drug ( symboliseing they pay off addicted to that substance and need it). By contrast, 15% of alcohol users and 32% of tobacco users become dependant1.There were over than 800,000 arrests in Canada in 2008 for marijuana use and possession. We force them to go to rehab and then use those statistics to show how marijuana is dangerous and addictive. Over one third of those in treatment for marijuana abuse or was dependant did not use marijuana at each(prenominal) in the month period prior to admission, and more than half used it three times or less2. Would you call mortal who rank three beers in a month an alcoholic? Like any substance marijuana can be abused, but it is impossible to overdose on. The most usua l problem associated with marijuana abuse is lethargic behavior, but does not cause serious health or social concerns.Overuse of alcohol will result in an softness to walk, stand, or even death, whereas overuse of marijuana will simply put a person to sleep. 40% of all fatal car accidents are caused by alcohol while no car accidents always have been directly caused by marijuana3. Alcohol induces hot behavior and is often attributed to wife beating and ther violent behaviors. Someone under the influence of alcohol will experience fits if rage which has often led to their own demise or the death of others, while someone who got high from marijuana will stroll around pleasantly with a smile on their face in search of the nearest McDonalds. It is as the iconoclast Bob Marley once said, Herb is the healing of the nation, alcohol is the destruction4. Cigarettes are another legal substance that is far more dangerous than marijuana. Smoking cigarettes is the hint cause of lung cancer in America.Tobacco cigarettes are filled with harmful chemicals uch as nicotine, rat poison, formaldehyde, ammonia, and arsenic. Both cigarettes and alcohol are immensely addictive phenomenons that excrete to very serious health problems, predominantly cancer, and ultimately death. marijuana is considered by many to be a dangerous substance but in reality many of our legal drugs are far more portentous. The studies of marijuana are still yet inconclusive and contradictory. But still, many doctors would agree that marijuana is not harmful if used in moderation. Dr. Hamilton is a specialist in drugs such as marijuana at the Institution of Medicine he says Comparing arijuana to alcohol is like comparing one apple to another apple5. One apple is not different from another apple, meaning that marijuana should not be different from alcohol.Being told this from a specialist in drugs you would think it is acceptable to legalize marijuana. Problems only accrue when you abuse the drug, but i s the abuse of close any substance a problem? If you abuse alcohol, caffeine, cigarettes, or even food, health problems are sure to follow. This follows along the same path as marijuana. There is very little evidence that smoking marijuana as a means of taking it epresents a significant health risk. Although marijuana has been smoked wide over Canada for more than four decades, there have been no reported cases of lung cancer or emphysema attributed to marijuana. Many would suspect and opine that a years breathing in any city with poor air quality poses more of a threat than inhaling a days dose of marijuana. Most doctors would believe that marijuana is no more addictive than alcohol or tobacco. But even if the drug is shown to be harmful, is it not the right to every person to submit what harms him or her?Marijuana use is generally thought of as a victimless crime, in that only the user is being harmed. You can not legislate morality when people disagree about what is considere d moral. Legalizing marijuana can also be a new source of additional tax revenues. Billions of dollars each year of taxs come from alcohol and tobacco. Research from Jeffrey Miron, an economic professor at Harvard University says that the Canadian Government would be saving 7. 7 gazillion dollars a year if it did not have to spend money on policing and prosecuting marijuana activity. Then if the Canadian government legalized marijuana nd taxed it at a rate comparable to cigarettes and alcohol, another 6. 2 billion dollars would be collected by the government6. This is a huge amount of money raised threw government taxation. The legalization of marijuana would create another item that could be taxed.The government would have no problem expenditure all that extra money. Seeing how the war on drugs is an dearly-won meshing, why would the not legalize marijuana and tax it? basin Berick is from the liberal party and he says it is an opportunity for us to legalize marijuana and gain money from the taxation of it to help our current economic ituation7. This quote proves that taxing marijuana would be a smart idea for the government it would bring in more money to go towards helping our current economic situation. The government would be saving there time and money from trying to win a battle that can not be won on the streets and in the end, legalizing marijuana would be free money to them. From further research, the government is spending about 7. 7 billion dollars a year on capturing the users and dealers. A great deal of expenses goes into catching them, prosecuting them in court, and housing them in jail. In common sense, it ould seem to make sense for the government to legalize marijuana and tax it.Legalizing marijuana would free up police and court recourses to fight more serious crimes. Many consider the war on drugs an expensive failure. Recourses for DEA, FBI, and b establish security are only the tip of the iceberg. You must add in the cost of police officers, judges, public defenders, prosecutors, prison guards, and so on. Officer Micelle Howard from the Victoria, BC police department (department number 468) says that We spend to much time everyday fighting against this drug (marijuana), I would ather be out fighting against a more serious unlawful act8. This quote proves that the people who fight against this drug feel the same way. Legalizing marijuana would free up those people to concentrate on more important things like terrorism, harder drugs, rape, murder, and so on. In addition, an already overloaded civil court would be improved.Leading into time being eliminated to help and fight more serious court cases. But sometimes with the police force when it comes to street control, there is no police to call or lawyers to higher if you get stiffed or screwed over in a drug deal. Meaning you re left to settle the dispute by yourself, often leading into cycles of retaliatory violence. Legalizing marijuana would save time and mo ney, also settle disputes properly. Many people also believe that marijuana is a gateway drug and will lead into other more dangerous drugs. Its true that most people who do hard drugs didnt immediately expound out snorting cocaine or shooting heroin, but smoking marijuana every now and then does not condemn you to be some cracked out heroin feign. As it stands right now only a small portion of semi smokers go on to harder drugs and Im sure that number will go own if marijuana is legalized.If kids could run down the street and pick up some marijuana their interest in other drugs would be diminished. The only way that marijuana could be considered a gateway drug is if it is sold alongside hard drugs. True some marijuana dealers sell harder stuff but legalizing marijuana completely negates that argument. If marijuana were legal there would be no need for side street dealers who might have hard drugs on them, it could be sold in any convenience store across the country. Many would say for a fact that teenagers would much alternatively get high legally han break the law to do so. The problem is legal highs are not readily available, the closest you can get is with cigarettes which not only taste disgusting but are extremely deleterious to your health and the health of others. Implying that smoking weed always leads to harder drugs is like saying that anyone who has ever stolen something will go on to armed piracy of oil tankers. People who steal probably did steal in their youth but that does not mean everyone who steals will end up like them. There is only scant evidence that marijuana produces physical dependence and withdrawal in sympathetics.When human subjects were administered everyday oral doses of 180-210 mg of THC the equivalent of 15-20 joints per day abrupt cessation produced adverse symptoms, including disturbed sleep, restlessness, nausea, decreased appetite, and sweating. The authors interpreted these symptoms as evidence of physical dependence . However, they remark the syndromes relatively mild nature and remained skeptical of its occurrence when marijuana is consumed in usual doses and situations. Indeed, when humans are allowed to control consumption, even high doses are not followed by adverse withdrawal ymptoms. Signs of withdrawal have been created in laboratory animals following the administration of very high doses.Recently, at a NIDA-sponsored conference, a research worker described unpublished observations involving rats pretreated with THC and then dosed with a cannabinoid receptor-blocker. Not surprisingly, this provoked sudden withdrawal, by stripping receptors of the drug. This finding has no relevance to human users who, upon ceasing use, experience a very gradual removal of THC from receptors. The most avid publicizers of marijuanas addictive nature are treatment providers who, in ecent years, have progressively admitted insured marijuana users to their programs. 65 The increasing use of drug-detection technologies in the workplace, schools and elsewhere has also produced a group of marijuana users who identify themselves as addicts in order to receive treatment instead of punishment. The Myth Marijuana is a Gateway to the use of other drugs . Advocates of marijuana prohibition claim that even if marijuana itself causes marginal harm, it is a dangerous substance because it leads to the use of harder drugs such as heroin, LSD, and cocaine.The Fact, Most users of heroin, LSD and cocaine have used marijuana. However, most marijuana users never use another illegal drug. Over time, there has been no consistent relationship between the use patterns of various drugs. As marijuana use increased in the 1960s and 1970s, heroin use declined. And, when marijuana use declined in the 1980s, heroin use remained fairly stable Marijuana as a gateway drug is a false implication and cannot be used in a serious discussion about legalizing marijuana. Many people also insinuate that marijuana leads pe ople to a life of crime.The only way to test this theory is to study the results when pot is legal. Amsterdam, where marijuana is legal, has a lower crime rate than any major U. S. city. I think that soundly disproves that theory and clearly shows that smoking marijuana is not a gateway to anything illegal9. Through these subjects of explaining why legalizing marijuana would be acceptable, should change you outlook on legalizing marijuana. Marijuana is no harmful than alcohol nor tobacco, 47% of alcohol and tobacco users become independent, with marijuana only 9% become dependant and taxing marijuana would bring in over 14 illion dollars into the government (from saving 7. 7 billion dollars in fighting against it, and gaining 6. 2 billion dollars in taxing it). Also legalizing marijuana would help officers to fight against more serious crimes (not spending half their day tracking marijuana users and addicts).And finally how marijuana is a gateway drug, these are all subject that the people protecting marijuana from being legal use to persuade our minds. Legalizing marijuana would be an acceptable idea from tests and research this statement is true. There are far more serious crimes to be worried about than a victimless crime uch as marijuana.Bibliography Books John A. Benson, Stanley J. Watson, and Janet E. Joy, eds. , Marijuana and Medicine Assessment of the Science Base. Washington, DC National Academy Press, 1999. Alan Bock, Waiting to Inhale The Politics of Medical Marijuana. Santa Ana, CA Seven Locks Press, 2000. Richard J. Bonnie, and Charles H. Whitehead II, Marijuana Conviction History of Marijuana Prohibition. New York Open Society Institute, 1999. Elizabeth Russell and Beth Connolly, Through a Glass Darkly The Psychological Effects of Marijuana and Hashish.

The Elegy in Thomas Gray and Shelley

LYRIC AND THE INNER LIFE COURSEWORK plaint is about mourning for ones own condition Stuart Curran, ro gentlemans gentlemanticistic Elegiac Hybridity, in The Oxford Handbook to Elegy (Oxford, 2010), ed. Karen Weisman, p. 249 Discuss Currans comment in relation to the organise of Thomas Gray and Percy Bysshe Shelley. One of the major t adopts of the work of mourning and of the work of the dirge is to repair the mourners damaged narcissism1.This quote by literary critic Peter Sacks, flourishes from Sigmund Freuds model of primary narcissism which suggests that we love others slight for their uniqueness and separateness, and more for their ability to contract our own abundance, that is, to embody and reflect back that come apart of ourselves that we have invested in them2. Sacks expands this coalescence in his criticism of elegies such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Miltons Lycidas and Tennysons In Memoriam.Using this model of narcissism and literary mourning along with key aspects of history, language and critical reviews, I will explicate how an threnody is about mourning for ones own condition3 in Thomas Grays Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard and Percy Shelleys Adonais, Before delving straight into how the metrical com determines make as elegies to the poets themselves, I will first discuss how the poems appear and attempt in their best capacity not to do so.Samuel Johnson famously commented on Grays Elegy saying that The Churchyard abounds with images which find a mirror in every mind, and with sentiments to which every bosom returns an echo4. The portrayal of such a literary universality springs from the poems gather inming mourning of the common man. Gray laments a ubiquitous backbone of mortality, paying homage to the archetypical weary plowman5 who f tout ensembles prey to dumb Forgetfulness (85) and lies forgotten in his lowly bed (20).This notion that the poem is life in its most general form, reinterpreted so as to speak to mankind general ly, where all men are alike(p) and consciousness seeks a universal voice6 can be understandably ga at that placed from a superficial analysis of the poem. The poem is not just an wail, only if a pastoral plaint, a literary form that encompasses idyllic rustic life with death, a technique employed by Gray to enhance his mournful limning of the common, simple man who labours apart unfulfilled only to die unremembered.Phrases such as mopeing owls (10), twittring swallows (18) and ecchoing horns (19) create the image of a bucolic and generic place, one where villagers demand in rural and generic activities oft did the harvest to their sickle yield (25) and how bowd the woods beneath their sturdy stroke (28) The constant use of third person plural pronouns such as they, their and them allow the reader to merge these villagers into one, once again echoing the universality of the poem.Although the title tries to deliver a place for the poem, ambiguous descriptions such as the glimm ering landscape (5), the distant folds (8), the upland lawn (100) and the customd hill (109), accentuate the poems attempt to be nowhere and everywhere. Marshall Brown in his turn out Grays Churchyard Space suggests that everything and nothing is shared with all and none in a gentleman that is nowhere and everywhere7.This displacement coupled with the fact that the poem refers to no one in particular, creates a sense of timelessness in keeping with its universality, thereby supporting Johnsons credo that The Churchyard finds a mirror in every mind8. Marshall Brown further reveals that the poem evokes the possibility of a language and a consciousness beyond station, beyond definition and beyond identity9.Gray accomplishes this by the illustration of an all-encompassing world. The poem drifts from a solemn so farness (6) to the cocks shrill clarion (19), from a blazing hearth (21) to a frozen soul (52), from parting day (1) to the incense-breathing morn (16), from the desert air ( 56) to the smiling land (63), etc creating an image of the world that comprises all heights, weather, feelings and time.Grays exploration of the opposite poles of class, the eclat of powr (33) and simple annals of the poor (32), and his empathy for the poor rather than the rich nor you, ye Proud, impute to These the fault, if Memry oer their Tomb no Trophies raise (37-38), heightens this indiscriminate sense of inclusion and the all-embracing voice of his elegy. then we see how Gray tries to attri thate a sensitivity that amplifies the appeal of his apparently universal elegy, as seen by this uote from Stephen Coxs essay, Contexts of Significance Thomas Gray that the individual ego in the Elegy is significant even when it lacks any visible signs of significance, such as power, wealth, or social recognition10. Thus, we see how it can be interpreted that Thomas Grays elegy focuses on a common condition rather than his own, but a closer analysis reveals that the all-embracing atte mpts made by Gray in the poem is part of a manipulation to create an image that adequately appeases his own narcissism.Firstly, although he paints a generic and timeless world he also places himself far away from it. The poem is seeped in an isolation that springs from Grays differentiation of himself from the world hes creating The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, the lowing herd wind slowly oer the lea, the plowman homeward plods his weary way, and leaves the world to darkness and to me (1-4). From the start of the poem itself we are plummeted into the poets segregation from the rural, rustic all encompassing world, and into the image he creates of himself as the poetic lonely outsider.Wallace Jackson in his essay Thomas Gray and the Dedicatory Muse, supports this when he says that Grays themel self is situated like a melancholic outcast and the village oddity. He is constellated in a poetic heaven, in any event, alone11. While Gray spends the first 23 stanzas expounding h is sensitivity for the unhonored Dead (93), the next 9 stanzas are wholly based on him and the image he tries to further enhance of his mindful (93) and lonely (95) self.Howard Weinbrot in his essay Restoration and the Eighteenth Century, points out that no one in particular is being mourned as the elegy opens, but it soon become clear that the speaker is mourning his own repressed potential12. The shift between referring to himself as me (4) in the 1st stanza to thee (93) at the start of the 23rd stanza, elucidates a respect he demands for his shallow efforts to praise the common man.Andrew Dillon in his essay Depression and Release, accommodates a reference by Ketton-Cremer, Grays biographer the man of reading and reflection often feels an envious admiration for the man of physical skill13, and this is seen in the parallels Gray draws between himself and the villagers, who in death resemble the same fame and raft unknown (118) of Gray. However, he shatters this connection throu gh his elaborate and verbose epitaph for himself.While the simple bones (77) of the forgotten plowman (3) rests beneath some frail memorial erected nigh (78), Grays memorial is far from frail round was his bounty, and his soul sincere (121). Jackson confirms this in his essay, when he says that the poems motive is grounded in a further, yet concealed, rendering of the self-image, present especially at the close of The Elegy14. Freuds belief that melancholia is a consistent form of mourning can be seen in his epitaph for himself melancholy marked him for her own (120) and he gave to misery all he had (123).This coupled with the undercurrent of still sadness that permeates the poem places Gray in a constant state of mourning. On a simplistic level, the epitaph echoes his application of a universal mortality unto others and himself, but what is more haunting is the thread of fatalism that laces these last few stanzas. Dillon writes, the Elegy can be read as a journey of recognition conceived in tumble and worked out not in a miasma of depression but in the light of symbolic self-destruction15. The quiet acceptance Gray achieves seems to transcend the idea of everymans mortality, and is rather an active realisation of his own.In the line Evn from the tombs the voice of Nature cries, evn in our Ashes live their wonted Fires (91-92), Gray moves away from the constant grouping of the villagers (they, their and them) to include himself (in our ashes) tilting the poem towards his own self-destruction. Dillon explores this in his essay when he contemplates whose ashes are these? They are those of the safe dead, yet they also form a melancholic, personal mind of the poet alive but in the ashes of an entombed self16. Thus we see that Gray is aware of the image he is creating of his own condition.His reference to himself in third person in the words of the Swain divulges his yearning for a posthumous sympathy. This along with his concern with the way he is perceive d, his reconstruction of himself in death and his self-appointed social position in his glorious epitaph, all seal the idea that in fact he is trying to repair a damaged narcissism17 and in doing so is mourning his own condition18. Unlike Gray, whose poem appears to mourn the common man, Shelleys Adonais remembers one man in particular John Keats. However, this specificity does not detract from the idea that, similar to Gray, Shelleys elegy is intwined ith his own condition as well. The disquieting refrain weep for Adonais he is dead 19 is instrumental in diverting the readers attention from Shelley onto Keats, constantly reiterating the idea that the elegy is about Adonais a name he assigned to Keats that amalgamates the Greek myth of Adoni, and Adonai, the Hebrew word for God. However, our first instinct that the poem isnt just about Keats springs from its historic background. Shelley, upon hearing of Keats death, was convinced that Keats was killed by the envenomed reviews of Keats longest poem, Endymion.This belief is reflected in the classical allusion to Adoni, a youthful man who met an early and untimely death when he was killed by a wild boar, an event symbolic of Keats apparent death by cruel reviews. In Nicholas Roes Keats and History, he reveals that on the 8th of June 1821, Shelley requested his publisher Charles Ollier to ask Keats friends the exact circumstances of his death, and transmit to me any information you may be able to collect and especially as to the degree in which, as I am assured, the brutal attack in the Quarterly Review excited the disease by which he perished20.Roe uses this letter to suggest that although this request may arise from Shelleys characteristic attention to historical detail, it also reflects something else an appetite for a history already conceived, a history the outlines of which applied to Shelley himself, for the Quarterly had also taken aim at his poetry and character21, thus proposing that Shelleys own wo unded narcissism is tied to his portrayal of Keats death.Stanza 37 of Adonais reveals this bitterness towards the critics And ever at thy season be thou free to spill the venom when thy fangs oerflow remorse and contempt shall cling to thee (329-31). Shelley, who even now is closely associated with Keats, was an avid admirer of Keats work. The godly portrayal of Keats in his poem reveals this reverence Shelley calls him a star (494) and places him in league with Thomas Chatterton, Sir Philip Sidney and Marcus Lucan, poets who died young and never received the chance to flourish to the maximum of their literary prowess.Though Shelley considered himself a lesser poet, he matt-up they shared a common thread. In regard to Adonais, he is known to have written, the total neglect and obscurity in which the astonishing remnants of his mind lie, was hardly to be dissipated by a writer, who, however he may differ with Keats in more important qualities, at least resembles him in that accide ntal one, the want of popularity22.This connection that Shelley felt they had explains his outrage at the critics reviews, as they dashed the growing popularity of Keats and Shelley many a time. Eleanor Hutchens in her essay low temperature and Heat in Adonais says the earlier part of Adonais suffers from an artificial chill, cast over perhaps by Shelleys primary intention not of mourning Keats but of using a fellow poets death as an occasion for expressing certain attitudes of his own23.This belief isnt entirely true although it is certain that Shelley uses Keats death to battle the critics that scorned them, there is a significant difference in the two acts that of mourning and that of expressing his opinions as they are inevitably and exclusively related with each other, as seen in Clewells credo that By resuscitating the other in memory, the mourner attempts to reclaim a part of the self that has been reflected on to the other24.To Shelley, Keats is a part of him and he is a part of Keats, as seen when he says I have lately been composing a poem on Keats, it is better than anything I have yet written, and worthy both of him and of me25. Shelley believes that in writing the elegy and in mourning Keats they are both experiencing a sense of liberation and resolution.This idea is seen in the first stanza itself when Shelley says with me died Adonais (6-7) and recurs throughout the poem, especially in stanza 34 when Shelley describes one of the mourners at Keats grave All stand aloof, and at his partial moan smiled through their tears well knew that gentle band who in anothers fate now wept his own (300). In the case of Shelleys elegy, the major disquietude of its reflection on his own condition lies in the fact that it acts as elegy for him without meat to.It transcends Shelleys narcissistic intentions, echoing beyond even the time of composition. In Roes Keats and History he says that Indeed one of the posthumous fates of Adonais itself was its retrospec tive (or uncannily prophetic) application to Shelley26. Adonais was an elegy for Shelley himself in that it foreshadowed his own early and untimely death. Peter Sacks stated that Shelleys conclusion to the poem is profoundly disturbing when we remember, as we must, that Shelley died a year later at sea27. rough believe his death wasnt accidental and a product of years of depression that lead to his eventual self-destruction, a theory perhaps encouraged by the unsafe tone in the last stanzas of Adonais What Adonais is, why fear we to become? (459). But whether this is true or not, Shelleys association with Keats is undeniable, especially considering that a book of Keats poems was found in the pocket of Shelleys jacket that confirmed the corpse was his.After Shelleys death, his wife Mary is known to have said Adonais is not Keatss, it is his own elegy28 and his dear friend Leigh move confirmed that Shelley himself said the poem was more an elegy on himself than the subject of it29 . Shelleys cousin, Thomas Medwin beautifully wrote in Memoir that there was, unhappily, too much similarity in the destinies of Keats and Shelley both were victims of persecution, both were marked out by the envenomed shafts of invidious critics, and both now sleep together in a foreign land30.Thus, we see how both poems reflect a situation stemming from the poets own condition. While Andrew Dillon believed that the Elegy works because of the exquisite beauty of its language and the psychic complicity of the minds of readers with that of Thomas Gray31, critic Katherine Duncan-Jones felt that Adonais is fundamentally an elegy on one poet by another, a poem whose force comes more from the problems and concerns of the living poet, than from the precise character and circumstance of the dead one32. some(prenominal) poems exhibit a damaged narcissism that the poets try to appease or console through the act of mourning, whether it is Grays desire to be remembered in a completed melancho lic image of himself, or Shelleys to chastise the embittered critical reviews that plagued his career and Keats. However, the sense of isolation, fatalism and admiration in their poems evokes a posthumous and timeless sympathy in readers that cannot be disregarded, particularly in the case of Shelley, even if we are aware that they mourn themselves. BibliographyBieri, James, Percy Bysshe Shelley a Biography (Massachusetts Rosemont Publishing, 2005) Brown, Marshall, Grays Churchyard Space, in Preromanticism (California Stanford University Press, 1991), pp. 42-8. Clewell, Tammy, Mourning Beyond Melancholia Freuds analysis on Loss, Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association, 52. 1(2004), p. 46-48. Cox, Stephen, Contexts of Significance Thomas Gray, in The Stranger inwardly Thee Concepts of Self in Late-Eighteenth Century books (Pittsburgh Pittsburgh University Press, 1980), pp. 2-98. Curran, Stuart, quixotic Elegiac Hybridity, Oxford Handbook to Elegy (Oxford Oxford Print ing Press, 2010) Dillon, Andrew, Depression and Release, North Dakota Quarterly, 60. 4 (1992), pp. 128-34. Duncan-Jones, Katherine, The Review of English Studies, New Series, 22. 86 (1971), p. 75-171. Gray, Thomas, Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard with the complete works of Thomas Gray (Virginia Peter Pauper Press, 1947) Hutchens, Eleanor, Cold and Heat in Adonais, Modern Language Notes, 76. 2 (1961), p. 24. Hurtz, Neil, The End of the withdraw (New York Columbia University Press, 2009) Jackson, Wallace, Thomas Gray and the Dedicatory Muse, ELH, 54. 2 (1987), pp. 277-98. Roe, Nicholas, Keats and History (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1995) Shelley, Percy Bysshe, The Selected Prose and Poetry of Shelley (Hertfordshire Wordsworth Editions Limited, 1994) Weinbrot, Howard, Restoration and the Eighteenth Century, Studies in English Literature 1500-1900, 18. 3 (1978), pp. 537-551. 1Tammy Clewell, Mourning Beyond Melancholia Freuds Psychoanalysis on Loss, Journal of the Ame rican Psychoanalytical Association, 52. 1(2004), p. 48. 2Clewell, p. 46. 3Stuart Curran, Romantic Elegiac Hybridity, Oxford Handbook to Elegy (Oxford Oxford Printing Press, 2010), p. 249. 4Neil Hurtz, The End of the Line (New York Columbia University Press, 2009), p. 73. 5Thomas Gray, Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard with the complete works of Thomas Gray (Virginia Peter Pauper Press, 1947), line 3 (all subsequent references will be made in the body of the text). 6Marshall Brown, Grays Churchyard Space, in Preromanticism (California Stanford University Press, 1991), pp. 42-8. 7Brown, pp. 42-8. 8Hurtz, p. 73. 9Brown, pp. 42-8. 10Stephen Cox, Contexts of Significance Thomas Gray, in The Stranger within Thee Concepts of Self in Late-Eighteenth Century Literature (Pittsburgh Pittsburgh University Press, 1980), pp. 82-98. 11Wallace Jackson, Thomas Gray and the Dedicatory Muse, ELH, 54. 2 (1987), pp. 277-98. 12Howard Weinbrot, Restoration and the Eighteenth Century, Studies in Engli sh Literature 1500-1900, 18. 3 (1978), pp. 537-551. 13Andrew Dillon, Depression and Release, North Dakota Quarterly, 60. 4 (1992), pp. 128-34. 14Jackson, pp. 277-98. 15Dillon, pp. 128-34. 16Dillon, pp. 128-34 17Clewell, p. 48. 18Curran, p. 249. 19Percy Shelley, The Selected Prose and Poetry of Shelley (Hertfordshire Wordsworth Editions Limited, 1994), line 1 (all subsequent references will be made in the body of the text). 20Nicholas Roe, Keats and History (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 23. 21Roe, p. 23. 22Roe, p. 33. 23Eleanor Hutchens, Cold and Heat in Adonais, Modern Language Notes, 76. 2 (1961), p. 124. 24Clewell, p. 47. 25Roe, p. 33. 26Roe, p. 36. 27Katherine Duncan-Jones, The Review of English Studies, New Series, 22. 86 (1971), p. 75. 28James Bieri, Percy Bysshe Shelley a Biography (Massachusetts Rosemont Publishing, 2005), p. 239. 29Bieri, p. 239. 30Roe, p. 36. 31Dillon, p. 128-34. 32Jones, p. 171.

Private Wealth Management Internship Sample Writing Paper Essay

I am a business and economics major interested in interning in a snobbish Wealth vigilance institution in Washington. I plan to have a career in head-to-head Wealth/Asset Management overly kn avow as Private Banking. Private Banks can either be a dep dodgement in a larger bank or freelance investment firms. In the past, they solely served wealth individuals. However, now former middle class entertainment stars, politicians, writers are now turning affluent overnight.They will requisite the services of a Private Banker to oversee. This is a crucial branch of the financial industry. In view of the current crisis rocking the financial and real estate markets, most piazza owners want to spend less and save more in case there is a recession. Therefore, Private Bankers are necessary to guide the high scratch worth individual to design and implement a beneficial financial portfolio for both parties.Private Bankers assist in the management of personal and business properties. First, they cherish and preserve already existing additions by applying all the business or economic competencies, accounting skills and law lie withledge that they acquired through education or experience, to go out that the clients portfolio does not diminish in value. Alternatively, they can work jointly with other professional such as lawyers and government agencies e.g.The Trust Department. Second, Private Bankers invest their clients properties and monies in diverse investment vehicles to grow their clients portfolios while reducing the risks of losses and maximizing profits. Third, these Private Wealth Managers balance the investments of their clients with a view to finding them fair tax regimes creating enough income to cater for expenses. Fourth, they advise clientele on personal finance decisions including the purchases of real estate, insurance etc.Fifth, round offer distinctive services such as planned donations for charity transfer and running of agricultural real estate pu rchase, valuation, sale and administration of art collections assessment of intellectual properties and liquidation of royalties accrued from book or movie sales. ( Martinez and Martinez, 1-43)Initially, I want to get an internship as a Private Wealth Management Trainee in any of the major private Asset Management firms in Washington, then later move up the ladder and open up my own firm one day.Private Wealth Management is not just about multiplying dollars, but it also has a personal side, which is why I was attracted to it in the first place. It is remnant of the banking industry of the Wild West banking style when your banker was your friend and involved himself completely in the financial activities of his customers.I prefer Private Banking because of triad reasons which have nothing to do with money. One is the personal service offered to the client. The Private Banker will interact intimately with his client. They share a cordial relationship found on trust. Finances are on e of the most important issues in anyones life. Money is vital for survival. A client should be able to know who is handling this precious commodity by face and why this private banker makes those decisions for him. Two, the investment strategies are tailored to satisfy the needs of the customer. In private banking, the managers check into account the different backgrounds and goals of their clientele.Ultimately, the client is the own who determines what path his investments will take. This is because he shares his financial dreams with the private banker who designs financial plans based on these thoughts, invest the money and coiffure the portfolio accordingly. Three, there is a degree of independence. The Private Banker does not work under the same time-space constraints as banker. They deal with their clients at different locations and may work in different deadline and schedules from a corporate or retail banker. They conduct business in different environments and are not con fined to offices. This freedom of movement and spontaneousness is very attractive to me. As much as Private Banking is personal, the principal in private management is making profit. I know how to calculate figures and liquify varied investment media in such a way as to maximize on the benefits of the market. I make an excellent Private Banker because I already have the qualities for this career. I am patient, possess great people skills, have sound business and economic training and I am not numb of dealing with large sums of money, prime property. My greatest asset is my good rapport with people. A Private Banker needs to have a convivial relationship with his clients and that rendering describes to a tee. While in Washington I plan to research on the diverse communication and relational methods that Private Bankers employ to attract, attain, and retain clientele. This is because the violence of Private Banking to me is based on not just portfolio management but client managem ent. In conclusion, Private Banking is an area of the finance industry that has lived for many eld with the unfair tag of snobbery. However, I believe that Private Banking is the way of future. I predict in 10 years time Private Bankers will be in high demand as the financial market grows in complexity and the public becomes more educated about the importance and relevance of asset or wealth management to assure their current financial freedom and that of their loved ones.BibliographyMartinez, Mike. and Michael, Martinez. Vault Career Guide to Private Wealth Management. Vault Inc. 2007.

Christian Counseling Methods Essay

IntroductionChristian counselors are doing matinee idols work and moldiness use the Spiritual Gifts with which they were blessed to be able to r to each one their lymph nodes. era it may be difficult to always reach a thickening correctly away, when a Christian counselor can be sound and protagonist soul understand what immortal desires for them, it can be a very fulfilling and delicious experience. But the Christian counselor must know what method they plan to use with each invitee and contour appear quickly if they need to pommel methods to become more stiff in reaching the client. As is the case with secular discuss, Christian Counseling has m some(prenominal) different methods that can be used.While some of these methods are preferred by more counselors than others, they all have some sympatheticities and some differences, including in their goals, inventions, strategies, and how to develop a counseling program deep down a church service service community. Th is paper will attempt to explain those similarities and differences, with the methods being compared to Lawrence Crabb, Jr.s method that he wrote ab egress in his 1977 book empower Effective Christian Counseling.Part I Goal of Christian CounselingFrom the very beginning of his book, Crabb tells Christian counselors that they must ask the question What is the client last apeltg for? (Crabb, 1977, p. 20). Christian counselors must try to even up what a client is trying to get bug out of counseling. If the client is attempting just to receive happiness out of counseling, they may not have the correct mind mass as they start counseling. One of the goals that clients should have is to become closer to Christ. As Crabb states, An obsessive preoccupation with my happiness, however, a great deal obscures our understanding of the biblical route to deep, abiding joy (p. 20). Counselors must direct their clients to follow the Word of God and to follow in the path that He has set down for them.Christians are told that if desire the Lord and wind up sittingat His right for all of eternity, this will grant us eternal happiness. To be able to realize this, Crabb tells Christians that they must strive for and obtain spiritual and psychological maturity. To obtain this, Christian counselors need to push their clients to do two things. Crabb says that Christians, to get on, they must observe God in the present moment and also strive for coherent-range character growth (p. 23). If Christians mature spiritually, it will make it easier for them to follow the path God has set down for them and their happiness, in this life as well as the next, will increase.Rogers Client-Centered Therapy (RCCT), Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) all have very similar goals. All three methods speak less about concentrating on long-term (next life) goals and focus some(prenominal) more on the immediate goals that a client wants in the near futu re. Instead of maturing spiritually and psychologically, RCCT, CBT, and REBT focus more on just corrective sues and teach that un delectable responses can be unlearned and replaced with more desirable ones (Andrews, 2010, p. 112).Clients are taught ways to avoid continuing the same behaviors that they may have acted on in the past instead of learning why God wants Christians to copy Him. Learning how to be more like Christ and what rewards await us in the next life is a great motivator to help Christians mature and achieve all of their goals for this life and all eternity with God.While Christian counseling may have a different overall goal than RCCT, CBT, or REBT, this does not mean that Christian counseling cannot use some of the concepts of the other methods. Using multiple methods and finding the right method to reach each client should be the overall goal of any type of counseling, be it religious or secular. If this is not the overall goal of the counselor, the client may wa nt to get hold of finding another counselor who will better assist them.Part II Basic ConceptsOne of Christian counselings most significant basic concepts is getting deep into a persons psyche and figuring out exactly what is missing from them not just mentally, but spiritually that may make them less happy than Goddesires them to be. As Crabb (1977) describes, Christian counselors must figure out what kind of personal worth does a client sets in themselves, how significant do that client consider themselves in the grand scheme of Gods creation, and how secure is the client in their own skin (p. 61).Every client may have a different way of defining their own personal worth, and this is something that a Christian counselor must be able to recognize. Effective Christian counselors will be able to figure out where their client feels the safest and where the client feels like they have the most import within Gods Kingdom. Without being able to do this, it will be very difficult for a Christian counselor to effectively reach their client and initiate change within that persons life or actions.REBT can be very effective when used in coordination with Christian counseling. Although the breach of REBT, Albert Ellis, was originally staunchly anti-religion, his philosophical stance toward religious beliefs has somewhat softened (Johnson, Ridley, and Nielsen, 2000). Mr. Ellis has even stated that even devout religious commitment may be helpful for many clients (Johnson, et. al.). This shows that even someone who originally rejects the idea of God being helpful to those suffering in their lives can be shown the light.The basic concept of REBT began by stating that people shaped their views and actions by the culture within which they were brought up. Depending on a persons culture, that can help determine their self-worth, their own significance within their culture, and how secure they feel within their culture because of their place in society. Christian counseling can be used to help them understand that God views everyone, no matter what skin color, age, or social class, as equal and as His children.Christian counseling may have differing concepts from RCCT, CBT, and REBT at times. All counseling concepts, however, look to assist the client in their lives. By using the methods together, the Christian counselor may be able to find that the client is more assailable to the advice that is being given to them and more apt to act on that advice.Part III Basic StrategyThe main strategy of Christian counseling is to help the client identify issues going on in the clients life and how the client can improve theiractions to be more like Christ. Identifying issues, behaviors, mindsets surround actions can help to change a persons actions when the same situation may arise in the future. As Crabb (1977) states, one of the most definitive strategies later in counseling is to plan what your client will do differently now that his thinking has changed (p . 157). The importance of identifying the poor thinking processes and figuring out how to correct those processes cannot be understated. Just because the thinking has been identified does not mean a person will act on changing it unless some demeanor of plan is put into place with the counselor.RCCT has what could be described as a very unorthodox strategy of helping the client. RCCT states one of the strategies is that the therapist, in no way, should guess or evaluate the individual (Kensit, 2000). This seems a very strange request to make of a therapist. While it is good for the client to determine the direction of each counseling session and what they feel like disclosing to their counselor, not allowing a counselor to evaluate the client seems a very dangerous strategy. The client may be more open to their counselor, but they are also not receiving any feedback, be it positive or negative, and may not be able to determine for themselves how their actions need to be corrected and how they can improve their lives.Christian counseling seems to have the more effective strategy when it comes to helping clients improve their lives and mindset for the long term. Having a counselor help identify should be more effective than just having a counselor sit and listen and not give any true feedback. Without some feedback from the counselor, the client may as well not come into counseling, as they are not truly getting much out of it.Part IV Developing a Counseling Program in the Local ChurchChristian counseling is really the only method where the church is used and where programs are developed. While it was written nearly 30 years ago, Crabb (1977) states that In the churches particularly, group work and peer counseling have spread in epidemic fashion (p. 163). This seems to still hold true today. There are many different types of peer support groups in church, such as teenage married couples, mens groups, womens groups,divorced groups, and many more, and they all use Christian counseling methods to support each other within the group. Having someone who is in the same or a similar situation that you may be in is helpful.While many of the people in these groups may not have any sort of true schooling in counseling methods, often times there is a moderator who will help move things along and can offer assistance to those who may need a professional to talk to in addition to their peer group. By using the Spiritual Gifts with which members of the church are equipped, peer counseling and having counseling programs within a church community can be just as effective as having individuals seek professional help.ConclusionChristian counseling would appear to get deeper into a clients psyche than secular counseling. While RCCT, CBT, and REBT can be effective in helping someone change their actions for the short term, Christian counseling should prove to be more effective for most clients. Christian counseling looks much longer term than the other sty les of counseling. Using Christian counseling in coordination with some of the other methods may assist RCCT, CBT, or REBT to be more effective and successful. Having a basis in looking towards the long term future and figuring out what God wants for His people will never be a bad method of counseling, just so long as you find a way to reach the person, use the resources around them, and are able to figure out what a client uses to determine their own value in Gods creation.ReferencesAndrews, L. W. (2010). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. In Encyclopedia of Depression (Vol. 1, pp. 112-113). Santa Barbara, CA Greenwood Press. Retrieved July 23, 2014, from http//go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/ps/i.do?action=interpret&id=GALE%7CCX1762700076&v=2.1&u=vic_liberty&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&authCount=1 Crabb, L. J. (1977). Effective biblical counseling. Grand Rapids, MI Zondervan Publishing House Johnson, W. B., Ridley, C. R., & Nielsen, S. L. (2000). conscientiously sensitive rational emoti ve behavior therapy Elegant solutions and ethical risks. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 31(1), 14-20. doi10.1037/0735-7028.31.1.14 Kensit, D. A. (2000). Rogerian theory a critique of the effectiveness of plain client-centred therapy. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 13(4), 345-351. Retrieved July 23, 2014, from

Quiz 7

1. Access controls include the sideline a. Answers 1 and 2 only require employee logouts when the workstations are left(a) unattended, prohibitions against visitors roaming the building in which computing machines are stored 2. Identity theft can be prevented by b. All of the above monitor credit reports regularly, sending personal nurture in encrypted form, immediately cancel missing credit cards, shred all personal documents after they are utilise 3. Which of the following can be used to detect whether confidential information has been disclosed c. A digital watermark4.Which of the following is a fundamental control for protecting solitude d. Encryption 5. Which of the following are internationally recognized best practices for protecting the privacy of customers personal information e. All of the above Disclosure to third parties only according to their privacy policy. , Use and retention of customer information as described by their privacy policy. , Organizations should ex plain the choices available and obtain their consent to the collection of customer entropy prior to its collection 6. The said(prenominal) name is used to encrypt and decrypt in which type of encryption systems f.Symmetric encryption systemsRead also Quiz week 47. Which of the following represents a process that takes plaintext and transforms into a short code g. Hashing 8. Which of the following uses encryption to create a secure pathway to transmit entropy h. Virtual Private Network (VPN 9. Which of the following represents an organization that issues documentation as to the validity and authenticity of digital identification such as digital certificates i. enfranchisement Authority 10. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can influence encryption strength j. Digital Certificate Length 1. What is the first step in protecting the confidentiality of intellectual property and other sensitive business information k. Identify where confidential data resides and who has acc ess to it 12. Which of the following is a major privacy-related furbish up l. Answers 1 and 2 Spam, Identify theft 1. These are used to create digital signatures a. Asymmetric encryption and hashing 2. On March 3, 2008, a laptop computer belonging to Folding Squid Technology was stolen from the trunk of Jiao Jans car while he was attending a conference in Cleveland, Ohio.After reporting the theft, Jiao considered the implications of the theft for the companys network security and concluded there was nothing to worry about because b. the data stored on the computer was encrypted 3. Using a combination of symmetric and asymmetric rouge encryption, Chris Kai sent a report to her home office in Syracuse, New York. She received an email acknowledgement that the document had been received and then, a few transactions later, she received a second email that indicated that the hash calculated from the report differed from that sent with the report.This most likely explanation for this r esult is that c. the symmetric encryption key had been compromised 4. Asymmetric key encryption combined with the information provided by a certificate authority allows unique identification of d. the user of encrypted data 5. These systems use the same key to encrypt and to decrypt e. Symmetric encryption 6. In a private key system the sender and the receiver have ________, and in the frequent key system they have ________ f. the same key two separate keys 7.In a private key system the sender and the receiver have ________, and in the public key system they have ________ g. the same key two separate keys 8. Encryption has a remarkably long and varied history. Spies have been employ it to convey secret messages ever since there were secret messages to convey. One powerful method of encryption uses stochastic digits. Two documents are prepared with the same ergodic sequence of numbers. The spy is sent out with one and the spy master retains the other. The digits are used as follo ws. Suppose that the word to be encrypted is SPY and the random digits are 352.Then S becomes V (three letters after S), P becomes U (five letters after P), and Y becomes A (two letters after Y, restarting at A after Z). The spy would encrypt a message and then destroy the document used to encrypt it. This is an early example of h. symmetric key encryption 9. Which of the following isnotassociated with asymmetric encryption? i. Speed 10. A process that takes plaintext of any length and transforms it into a short code j. Hashing 11. k. 12. l. 13. m. 14. n. 15. o. 16. p. 17. q. 18. r. 19. s. 20. t. 21. u. 22. v. 23. w. 24. x. 25. y. 26. z. 27. . 28. .

MSG: The Chemical and Biological Reactions

Monosodium glutamate (monosodium glutamate) is a flavorless chemical substance added to a variety of feeds. While there is no nose candy percent conclusive study that shows MSG as harmful, it is widely linked to seizures, chest pain, and other adverse side effects in adults and children. In this paper, I will show how the chemistry of MSG causes a negative biological reaction.N. Peica, C. Lehene, N. Leopold, S. Schlucker, and W. Kiefer (2007) wrote, MSG or E621, the sodium salt of glutamic acid, is probably the most common food additive used in m either packaged and prepared foods (p. 604). Because of this, it is easy for MSG to hide. This is especially problematic for people who mystify a sensitivity to MSG. newsman Sandra Blakeslee (1990) wrote, Several months ago Jack Samuels, a Chicago businessman, carefully read the label on a box of breakfast cereal and decided it was arctic to eat.An hour later, however, Mr. Samuels collapsed in his physicians office after a treadmill te st. As I started to lose consciousness, I knew it was an MSG attack, he verbalise (p. C3). The article went on to report that the FDA allows several different names for MSG manytimes the pseudonyms make it difficult for consumers to realize they are ingesting MSG.In its monohydrate form, the two carboxy groups of MSG twist to an equal but opposite extent with respect to the carbon chain (Peica et al. 2006, p. 606). In its anhydrous form, Anhydrous MSG is arched and two henry bond interactions are possible (Peica et al. 2006, p. 607). Either way, the result is the formation of white crystals. The crystals dont have any flavor however, its chemical make-up allows it to elevate the flavor of other foods. MSG concentrations can be as low as 10-5, or much higher.Michelle Meadows (2003) expressed that the 1995 FASEB report confirmed that MSG is honest if consumed moderately. She added that there is a group of people who is sensitive to MSG if more than 3 grams are consumed at a meal (a typical serving is 0.5 grams). She wrote that some severe and poorly controlled asthmatics also have trouble with MSG consumption. For them, the lack of labeling is problematic because labels only have to reflect foods that have MSG added to them, not foods that ingest it naturally, like tomatoes, cheeses, soy sauce, and some meats.Chris Kilham (2006) pointed out that a vast number of foods contain MSG, although there are plenty of studies that prove its harmful effects. He wrote, Studies have shown that mice fed large amounts of MSG suffer destruction of brain cells Several years ago, baby food manufacturers stopped using MSG under acuate public pressure. However, MSG remains in popular use (p. 25). He added that the risk of using MSG is unnecessary, since it has absolutely no nutritional value.Angelica Soares, Joao Paulo Ferreira Schoffen, Elsa mare De Gouveia, and Maria Raquel Marcal Natali (2006) also looked at the disturbing effect MSG had on rats. They studied infant ra ts and raise that the bay rats that ingested MSG showed high levels of NADH-diaphorase. The NADH caused nerve damage, as well as caused the baby rats to retain more adipose tissue that the ones not given MSG. The conclusion of the study was that not only did MSG tally to obesity it also caused a deterioration in the intestinal lining.M. Hermanussen, A.P. Garcia, M. Sunder, M. Voigt, V. Salazar, and J.A.F. Tresguerres (2006) agreed with Soares et al (2006), but added some interesting findings of their own. They looked at glutamic acid (GLU), since it is a major(ip) component in glutamine. The study started with administering MSG to pregnant rats, then to the offspring of the rats. Obviously, there was a control group not receiving MSG, except what was normally prove in the regular feed.The conclusion was that male rats showed a lot more damage from the MSG than female rats did. Obesity was the obvious result, but, in part, because the MSG-fed rats ate more. This indicated that GLU significantly increased appetite. The group noted, too, that the MSG-fed rats retained much more adipose tissue that the rats that werent fed MSG. As well, it was noted that the same nerve damage found in the study by Soares et al. (2006) was consistent with the findings by Hermanussen et al. (2006). Hermanussen et al. clearly discovered impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in their rats, as a result of GH break away frequency (p. 30).Despite statements that there is no definite evidence that MSG causes negative reactions, very recent studies prove the contrary. Since MSG does not add any nutritional value to food, it might be wise to avoid it, especially in large quantities. The studies show that MSG is linked to nerve damage, obesity, voracity, and diabetes. We also fuck that chemical make-up of the product is more likely to affect men and asthmatics meaning that a significant number of Americans may suffer adverse reaction s from MSG, and some of them dont even know why.ReferencesBlakeslee, S. (1990, March 6). With MSG sensitivity still at issue in studies, label rules tighten. brisk York Times, p. C3. Retrieved Thursday, March 29, 2007 from the ProQuest database.Hermanussen, M., Garcia, A.P., Sunder, M., Voigt, M., Salazar, V., & Tresguerres, J.A.F.(2006). Obesity, voracity, and short stature The impact of glutamate on the regulation of appetite. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60, 25-31. Retrieved Thursday, March 29, 2007, from the Academic Search Premier database.Kilham, C. (2006, March/April). The dangers of chemical food additives. Share Guide, p. 25.Meadows, M. (2003, January/February). A common flavor enhancer. FDA Consumer, p. 35.Pieca, N., Lehene, C., Leopold, N., Schlucker, S., & Kiefer, W. (2006). Monosodium glutamatein its anhydrous and monohydrate form Differentiation by Raman spectroscopies and density functional calculations. Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 604-615. Retrieved Thursday, March 29, 2007, from the ScienceDir ect database.Soares, A., Schoffen, J.P.F., De Gouveia, E.M., & Natali, M.R.M. (2006). do of the neonataltreatment with monosodium glutamate on myenteric neurons and the intestinal wall in the ileum of rats. Journal of Gastroenterology, 41, 674-680. Retrieved Thursday, March 29, 2007, from the Academic Search Premier database.

Business Analysis Of The Print Shop Accounting Essay

The Print Shop and Anglian digital Solutions gull been merchandising since 1998 and prides itself on prize and dependability.We produce both litho-printing aimed at medium to long t tout ensembleies, and digital printing for print t on the wholeies of up to 1000 transcripts. Both of our printing services atomic number 18 backed with our in-ho expend see studio to assist give your worry the border.We like to impart our client s demands right, get down forthing your switch in the well-nigh cost effectual manner so we gain split the company into ii different equal watercourses. The Print Shop for all lithographic demands and Anglian Digital Solutions for digital print. All citations atomic number 18 channeled into the right concern watercourse to give you prize for m iodiney.AccountingAccounting is the art of recording, sum uping, coverage, and analysing mo light upary minutess. An banner system system top be a simple, useful cheque registry, or, as with Microsoft O ffice Small backup Accounting 2006, it flowerpot be a complete record of all the activities of a concern, bring outing inside knowledges of invariablyy facet of the concern, leting the analysis of concern tendencies, and supplying penetration into future chances. When you study method of bill you ar basically larning this specialised linguistic communication.This is because the reading required by most go intoments is rightfully similar and can be broken down into three header classsOpe allowancegrade instructionThis is the information that is needed on a daily footing in order for the ecesis to carry on its concern. Employees need to acquire p assistant, unwashed tax revenues need to be tracked, the sums owed to other formations or persons need to be tracked, the sum of coin the organisation has need to be monitored, the sums that clients owe the organisation demand to be checked, any stock heel demands to be accounted for the list goes on and on.AFiscal Accou nting InformationThis is the information that is employ by acquireors, stock bookers, Bankss, creditors, the politics, the populace, and so on to do determinations affecting the organisation and its operations. Sh beholders want information or so what their investing is deserving and whether they should purchase or sell portions, bankers and other creditors want to cognize whether the organisation has an ability to pay back money Lent, directors want to cognize how the company is making compared to other companies. This fiber of information would be really hard to pull out if every company employ a different system for entering their financial fanny. Fiscal accounting information is capable to a intend of land regulations that dictate how the information is reported and this ensures uniformity.AManagerial Accounting InformationIn order for the directors of a company to do the go a brush up determinations for a company they need to hold specific information prepared. The y use this information for three chief management maps political computer programmening, execution and direct. Fiscal information is used to put calculates, analyze different options on a cost footing, and modify programs as the demand arises, and take care and supervise the lend that is being done.ABalance tackingA Balance Sheet is a position study that shows information about the organisation s resources at one given over clip. Examples of information found on a balance sheet are how much hard specie is in the bank, what is owed to creditors, and the foster of the company s as touch ons.Income reportAn Income Statement ( besides called a Statement of Net incomes, Statement of Operations, or a Net income and Loss Statement ) is a study that shows the flow of grosss ( sums earned from concern natural process ) and disbursals ( sums paid in the class of operations ) over a given dot of clip, typically a month, one-fourth, or twelvemonth.Statement of Cash FlowAs the name suggests, this is besides a flow statement that inside informations the exploit of hard currency through the organisation over a specified period.AThe whole intent of accounting is to supply information that is effective and relevant for interested paras when doing determinations sing the company and its operations. In order to soak up that efficaciously, a specific linguistic communication and subsequent regulations have been extended for users of the information. By larning accounting you detect these regulations and can so pass on fiscal information with others in a comprehendible and same mode.Finance OperationIt is an authorization which is discerning with finding the criterions and determinations doing. It besides function shares resources, including the geting, puting, and managing of resources.These maps are performed in all organisations, irrespective of their sizes, legal signifiers of organisation and they contri furthere to the endurance and growing of the tin. Finance maps are concerned with the basic concern activities of a house, in add-on to external environmental factors which affect basic concern activities, viz. , performance and selling.Current fiscal factors clashing the finance map includePressures to optimise fiscal cosmos notification normal alterations in accounting criterionsIncreased coverage and revelation demandsIncreased conformity demandsAccounting TechniquesControl techniques allow for directors with the pillow slip and sum of information they need to mensurate and supervise public presentation. The information from as divideed halts must be tailored to a specific centering degree, section, unit, or operation. To guarantee complete and consistent information, organisations frequently use standardised paperss such as fiscal, position, and undertaking studies. Each country at bottom an organisation, nevertheless, uses its ain specific control techniques, described in the undermentioned subdivisions.Fiscal control sAfter the organisation has designs in topographic render to make its ends, financess are laid aside for the necessary resources and labour. As money is spent, statements are updated to reflect how much was spent, how it was spent, and what it obtained. Directors use these fiscal statements, such as an income statement or balance sheet, to supervise the promotional material of plans and programs.Fiscal statements supply direction with information to supervise fiscal resources and activities. The income statement shows the consequences of the organisation s operations over a period of clip, such as grosss, disbursals, and net income or injustice. The balance sheet shows what the organisation is deserving ( as enureds ) at a individual point in clip, and the extent to which those assets were financed through debt ( liabilities ) or proprietor s investing ( fair play ) .Fiscal audits, or formal probes, are on a regular basis conducted to guarantee that fiscal direction pattern s follow by and large accepted processs, policies, Torahs, and ethical guidelines. financial ratio analysis examines the consanguinity among specific figures on the fiscal statements and helps explicate the significance of those figuresLiquidity ratios step an organisation s ability to bring forth hard currency.Profitability ratios step an organisation s ability to bring forth net incomes.Debt ratios step an organisation s ability to pay its debts.Activity ratios step an organisation s efficiency in operations and usage of assets.In add-on, fiscal trade centres require directors to account for a unit s advancement toward fiscal ends within the range of their influences. A director s ends and duties whitethorn concentrate on unit net incomes, cost, grosss, or investings.Budget controlsA budget depicts how much an organisation expects to pass ( disbursals ) and earn ( grosss ) over a clip period. Sums are categorized harmonizing to the type of concern activity or history, such as telephone cost or gross revenues of catalogs. Budgets non merely aid directors plan their fundss, but besides assist them maintain path of their overall disbursement.Budget development processes vary among organisations harmonizing to who does the budgeting and how the fiscal resources are allocated. Some budget development methods are as followsTop-down budgeting Directors prepare the budget and direct it to subsidiaries.Bottom-up budgeting Figures come from the lower degrees and are adjusted and coordinated as they move up the hierarchy.Zero-based budgeting Directors develop each new budget by warranting the jutting allotment against its part to departmental or organisational ends. conciliative budgeting Any budget exercising can integrate flexible budgets, which set meet or round criterions that can be compared to outgos.Selling controlsSelling controls help supervise advancement toward ends for client satisfaction with merchandises and services, monetary values, and bringing. The pursual are exemplars of controls used to m an organisation s selling mapsMarket research gathers data to measure client needs-information critical to an organisation s success. Ongoing grocery research reflects how good an organisation is stretch out intoing clients outlooks and helps expect client demands.Marketing statistics step public presentation by roll uping informations and analysing consequences. In most instances, competence with a computing machine spreadsheet plan is all a director needs. Directors look at selling ratios, which step profitableness, activity, and market portions, every bit good as gross revenues quotas, which step advancement toward gross revenues ends and aid with stock list controls.Unfortunately, scheduling a regular rating of an organisation s selling plan is easier to urge than to put to death.Human resource controlsHuman resource controls aid directors modulate the quality of freshly hired forces, every bit good as proctor current employe es developments and day-to-day public presentations.On a day-to-day footing, directors can travel a long manner in assisting to didactics workers behaviours in organisations. They can assist direct workers public presentations toward ends by doing certain the ends are clearly set and understood. Directors can besides establish policies and processs to assist steer workers actions.Common control types include public presentation assessments, disciplinary plans, observations, and preparation and development appraisals. Because the quality of a house s forces, to a big grade, determines the house s overall effectivity, commanding this country is really important.Performance restrictions Although direction information systems have the doable to increase overall public presentation, replacing long-time organisational employees with information systems engineering may ensue in the loss of adept cognition that these persons hold. Additionally, computerized information systems are exp ensive and hard to develop. After the system has been purchased, organizing it-possibly with bing equipment-may be more(prenominal) hard than expected. Consequently, a company may cut corners or put in the system carelessly to the hurt of the system s public presentation and public-service corporation. And like other sophisticated electronic equipment, information systems do non work all the clip, ensuing in dearly-won downtime.Behavioral restrictions Information engineering allows directors to entrance more information than of all time before. But excessively much information can rout employees, cause emphasis, and even slow determination devising. Therefore, pull offing the quality and sum of information in stock(predicate) to avoid information overload is of import.Health makes Potentially serious health-related issues associated with the usage of computing machines and other information engineerings have been raised in recent old ages. An illustration is carpal tunnel synd rome, a unnameable upset in the custodies and carpuss caused by insistent motions ( such as those made on a keyboard ) . careless(predicate) of the control processes used, an effectual system determines whether employees and assorted parts of an organisation are on mark in accomplishing organisational aims.Statistical Techniques to Test a openingA statistical hypothesis trial is a method of doing statistical determinations utilizing experimental informations. In statistics, a consequence is called statistically important if it is improbable to hold occurred by opportunity. The formulate trial of significance was coined by Ronald Fisher Critical trials of this sort may be called trials of significance, and when such trials are available we may detect whether a 2nd sample is or is non significantly different from the first.Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory informations analysis, in contrast to exploratory informations analysis. In frequence chance, these determ inations are about ever made utilizing null-hypothesis trials that is, 1s that answer the inquiry Assuming that the void hypothesis is true, what is the chance of detecting a value for the trial statistic that is at least every bit utmost as the value that was really observed ? One usage of hypothesis testing is make up ones minding whether experimental consequences contain sufficient information to project uncertainty on conventional wisdom.Statistical hypothesis testing is a cardinal technique of frequents statistical illation, and is widely used, but besides much criticized. The chief direct option to statistical hypothesis testing is Bayesian illation. However, other attacks to making a determination based on informations are available via determination theory and optimum determinations.The critical part of a hypothesis trial is the set of all results which, if they occur, depart take us to make up ones mind that there is a difference. That is, do the void hypothesis to be rejected in favour of the alternate hypothesis.Undertaking 2Identifying Users of Accounting InformationSo accounting exists in order to supply information for interested parties to do determinations, now we can logically inquire Who are these interested parties? and For what sort of determinations is accounting information required? Figure 1.1 shows the major groups of people who have an interest group in an organisation. The figure relates to a private sector concern but minor changes in the rubrics of the participants would do it every bit relevant to any organisation for illustration, a authorities section, a local authorities unit, a charity, a nationalized industry, a school or a college.Staying with the illustration of a private endeavor concern, we can place the types of determination that each of the participants might necessitate to do with regard to the organisation and the information required. These are as follows proprietors, the authorities, direction, clients, p roviders of goods and services, loaners, employers, rivals and anteroom groups.OwnersAOwners are concerned with doing two types of determinations drop determinations andStewardship decisions.AInvesting determinations are chiefly concerned with increasing the wealth of the proprietors. Those who own concerns usually do so with the purpose of increasing their wealth. Therefore, proprietors willing wish to measure the extent to which the concern has generated fiscal benefits ( net incomes etc. ) and the likely future chances of the concern. They will besides wish to measure the grade of affect associated with their investing in the concern. Information associating to associated hazards and returns will be utile when make up ones minding whether to keep or sell their will power involvement in the concern.In larger concerns, the proprietors tend non to exert daily control over the activities of the concern. Alternatively, directors will frequently run the concern on behalf of the pro prietors. This possible struggle creates a demand among proprietors to have accounting information from the directors that reveals how the resources of the concern have been used. The proviso of information by directors to proprietors for this intent is referred to as stewardship accounting.GovernmentA authorities may necessitate information from a concern for a miscellany of grounds including revenue sweetener, ordinance, economic direction and authorities contracts.Tax A Businesss are taxed on the footing of their accounting net incomes ( capable to certain accommodations ) authorities ( in the signifier of the Inland Revenue ) needs information on each concern in order to make up ones mind how much revenue enhancement to charge.Economic direction Governments may besides utilize accounting information associating to concerns to assist in the world(a) direction of the economic system. For illustration, accounting information may be utile in make up ones minding whether to give s upport to concerns in a peculiar industry.Fiscal Statement RestrictionsThe first restriction is that they are ever in the past tense they look back, non in front. Second, they merely reflect fiscal minutess. So all the of import things that are go oning in the company, the industry and the market place are non reflected has at that place been a direction reorganization, has the company fallen behind in merchandise development or engineering, has a rival late introduced a great merchandise, are at that place pending ordinances that will impact the company.Many things can impact the computation of ratios and do equivalences hard. The restrictions includeThe usage of estimations in apportioning be to each period. The ratios will be every bit accurate as the estimations.The cost rule is used to fix fiscal statements. Financial information is non adjusted for monetary value alterations or inflation/deflation.Companies have a pick of accounting methods. These differences impact ratios a nd do it hard to compare companies utilizing different methods.Companies may hold different financial twelvemonth ends doing comparing hard if the industry is cyclical.Diversified companies are hard to sort for comparing intents.Fiscal statement analysis does non supply replies to all the users inquiries. In fact, it normally generates more inquiries.Non Financial Key Performance IndexsNon-financial cardinal public presentation indexs, or KPIs, enable companies to mensurate the consequences of theirA unified duty and sustainability A enterprises. By integrating the appropriate KPIs into their procedure, companies can derive a more comprehensive pinch of how good they are run intoing their corporate duty aims. As organisations embark on environmental, societal and regime enterprises, they are detecting that fiscal steps entirely do non supply an accurate appraisal of their corporate duty advancement. For illustration, traditional fiscal indexs do non to the full capture all fac ets of a company s relationships with its clients, employees and providers, or stand for its attempts with regard to sustainability.Budgets and Budgetary FunctionBudgetA budget is a program expressed in quantitative, normally pecuniary term, covering a specific period of clip, normally one twelvemonth. In other words a budget is a systematic program for the use of work force and material resources.In a concern organisation, a budget represents an estimation of future cost and grosss. Budgets may be divided into two basic categories great Budgets and Operating Budgets.Capital budgets are enjoin towards proposed outgos for new undertakings and frequently require particular funding. The operating budgets are directed towards accomplishing short-run operational ends of the organisation, for case, doing or net income ends in a concern house. Operating budgets may be sub-divided into assorted departmental of functional budgets.The chief features of a budget are1. It is prepared in prog ress and is derived from the long-run turning away of the organisation.2. It relates to future period for which objectives or ends have already been laid down.It is expressed in quantitative signifier, sensual or pecuniary units, or both.Different types of budgets are prepared for different purposed e.g. Gross saless Budget, Production Budget, administrative Expense Budget, Raw-material Budget etc. All these sectional budgets are afterwards integrated into a superior budget, which represents an overall program of the organisation.Budgetary ControlNo system of planning can be successful without keeping an effectual and efficient system of control. Budgeting is closely connected with control. The exercising of control in the organisation with the aid of budgets is known as budgetary control. The procedure of budgetary control includes1. Preparation of assorted budgets.2. Continuous comparing of existent public presentation with budgetary public presentation.3. Revision of budgets in the visible radiation of changed fortunes.A system of budgetary control should non go stiff. There should be adequate range of flexibleness to supply for single enterprise and thrust. Budgetary control is an of import device for doing the organisation. More efficient on all foreparts. It is an of import jibe for commanding costs and accomplishing the overall aims.Alternate Methods for Cost AnalysisThere is a assortment of attacks to be analysis, the suitableness of any of which depends upon the intent of an appraisal and the handiness of informations and other resources. It is seldom possible or necessary to place and quantify all costs and all benefits ( or outcomes ) , and the units used to quantify these may differ.Main types of cost analysis include the undermentioned.Cost-of-illness analysis a finding of the economic impact of an malady or status ( typically on a given population, part, or state ) e.g. , of smoke, arthritis or pressure sensation sores, including associate d intervention costsCost-minimization analysis a finding of the least dearly-won among alternate intercessions that are fake to bring forth tantamount resultsCost-effectiveness analysis ( CEA ) a comparing of costs in pecuniary units with results in quantitative non-monetary units, e.g. , reduced mortality or morbidityCost-utility analysis ( CUA ) a signifier of cost-effectiveness analysis that compares costs in pecuniary units with results in footings of their public-service corporation, normally to the patient, measured, e.g. , in QALYsCost-consequence analysis a signifier of cost-effectiveness analysis that presents costs and results in distinct classs, without aggregating or burdening themCost-benefit analysis ( CBA ) compares costs and benefits, both of which are quantified in common pecuniary units.Restrictions of Budgetary ControlsThe aim of direction accounting is to assist directors accomplish the missions and schemes established for their endeavor. It is a subdivision of accounting that provides fiscal and other information to directors. A cardinal function for direction comptrollers is to set up the control systems used to accomplish organisational ends and minimise hazards. One of the most of import of these is budgetary control, a powerful tool that encourages planning, sets mileposts, evaluates public presentation and suggests waies for betterment. Management comptrollers besides develop information systems that communicate strategic and operational precedences to managerial determination shapers.The aim of this class is to assist participants better understand the function and operation of the budget control and to locate it within the larger context of direction control.Using cognition already acquired in preliminary degrees of the MBA plan, this class will allow pupils to get cognition on the public-service corporation and operation of a budget control procedure the design of the budgetary control system as a map of the organisational sc heme the finding of cost behaviour the usage of budgets to pull off grosss, costs and net incomes the relationship between direction control and organisational twirl the organisation of fiscal information in a comprehendible, flexible, accessible and utile signifier to authorise determination devising the rating of public presentation for different administrative units within the organisational construction the development and usage of non fiscal public presentation steps.Undertaking 3Business EvaluationIt is a procedure and a set of processs used to gauge the economic value of an proprietor s involvement in a concern. Evaluation is used by fiscal market participants to find the monetary value they are willing to pay or have to consummate a sale of a concern. In add-on to gauging the merchandising monetary value of a concern, the same rating tools are frequently used by concern valuators to decide differences related to estate and gift revenue enhancement, divorce judicial pr oceeding, allocate concern purchase monetary value among concern assets, set up a expression for gauging the value of spouses ownership involvement for buy-sell understandings, and many other concern and legal intents.Methods for Measuring a Business asset AccumulationThe Asset Approach is based on the premiss that it is by and large possible to neutralize the belongings, whole kit and boodle and equipment ( PP & A E ) assets of a company and after paying off the company s liabilities the net returns would accrue to the equity of the company.Discounted hard currency flow methodThis rating method based on separated hard currency flow is considered a strong tool because it concentrates on hard currency coevals potency of a concern. Since hazards are non ever easy to find exactly, Beta uses historic informations to mensurate the susceptibility of the company s hard currency flow, for illustration, through concern rhythms.Market ValueThis rating method is applicable for quoted comp anies merely. The market value is determined by multiplying the quoted portion monetary value of the company by the figure of issued portions. This rating reflects the monetary value that the market at a point in clip is prepared to pay for the portions. This rating method loosely takes into history the investors perceptual experiences about the public presentation of the company and the direction s capablenesss to present a return on their investings.Corporate HazardIt is a planetary, full-service concern intelligence and hazard direction house. We offer clients a full suite of services to cut down exposures to planetary hazards, A prehend upon concern chances, andA protect employees and assets. Our clients run or prove to run in many of the worldly concern s emerging markets, A and our services are designed to extenuate the hazards of prospecting and runing in these hard parts. We provide the insight necessary for clients to do of import concern determinations in a timely, effi cient and comprehensive mode.Cost of CapitalThe cost of capital is the cost of a company s financess ( both debt and equity ) , or, from an investor s point of position the expected return on a portfolio of all the company s bing securities. It is used to measure new undertakings of a company as it is the minimal return that investors expect for supplying capital to the company, thence puting a benchmark that a new undertaking has to run into.Debt vs. EquityThere are two types of funding equity and debt funding. When looking for money, you must see your company s fiscal strength. The more money proprietors have invested in their concern, the easier it is to pull funding. If your house has a high ratio of equity to debt, you should likely seek debt funding. However, if your company has a high proportion of debt to equity, experts advise that you should increase your ownership capital ( equity investing ) for extra financess. That manner you wo nt be over-leveraged to the point of endangering your company s endurance.Factors Effecting Capital Cost StructuresBusiness hazardHazard associated with the nature of the industry the concern operates and if the concern hazard is higher the optimum capital construction is required.Tax placeDebt capital is regarded as cheaper because involvement payable is deductible for revenue enhancement intents. Advantage non much for concerns with undiminished revenue enhancement losingss, depreciation revenue enhancement shield as they already have an bing lower revenue enhancement load.Fiscal flexiblenessDepends on how easy a concern can set up finance on sensible footings under inauspicious conditions. Flexibility in raising finance will be influenced by the economic environment ( handiness of rescuers and involvement rates ) and the fiscal place of the concern.Managerial mannerHow much to borrow besides depend on directors approach to finance hazard. Conservative directors will usual seek to maintain the debt equity ratio depre ssion.DecisionThe concern analysis performed by analyst reduces waste, creates solutions, completes undertakings on clip, Improves efficiency, Document the right demands and it besides reduces the hazard and helps in the growing of the company.